Plato s Theory Of The Human Soul - 1074 Words

Many ancient philosophers were influenced by the idea of Greek works, especially in the Islamic world. Ibn Sina referenced Aristotle many times in his works and sometimes Plato, using them as an authority when it suited his purpose. Even though Ibn Sina used Plato in some of his individual texts, he failed to mention him in his theory of the human soul because they have two different points to argue when it comes to this topic. One of Plato’s main point is that the soul is not a part of the body, and that it is imprisoned here on earth. He also argues that the soul has three main parts. On the contrary, Ibn Sina believed that we are all sharing one soul. Plato was born in 429?–347 B.C.E. and was the founder of the Athenin Academy. It is said that his theory of the soul was the starting point for psychology. Plato’s theory seeks not only to explain inner conflict but also to present the rational part of the soul as superior. In Plato’s The Republic Socrates begin his exploration of the soul because he was seeking for understanding of justice. In his opinion, the best way to analyze the soul is to compare it to a city. He believed that the function of the city was comparable to that of an individual’s soul. Socrates explains the three parts of the soul in the following quotation: The Guardians/Philosopher Kings is the reason, the Auxiliaries/Soldiers is will/spirit and Workers is the appetite. The reason is the part of the soul that seeks and loves wisdom, knowledge,Show MoreRelatedThe Tripartite Theory Of The Soul1196 Words   |  5 PagesDaryl Claude Medina Professor Morrissey PHIL 3105 April 8, 2016 The Tripartite Theory of the Soul Plato’s theory of tripartite soul focuses on the nature of human psyche. In the Republic, Plato (using the character â€Å"Socrates† as his mouthpiece) introduces this theory and claims that the soul contains three constituent elements: the appetitive, the rational, and the spirited parts. These three separate elements of the soul are organized in a hierarchy with reason being the superior of the two and spiritRead MoreJustice Is The Legal Or Philosophical Theory Of Justice1503 Words   |  7 PagesJustice is the art which gives to each man what is good for his soul. Discuss. â€Å"Justice is the art which gives to each man what is good for his soul† and that is simply to say that justice is identical with, or inseparable with philosophy. (Cahn, Political Philosophy, 1-136) Justice is an order and duty of the parts of the soul; it is to the soul as medicine preserves the health of the body. In its current and cardinal definition is a just behavior or treatment; a concern for justice, peace, andRead MoreA Life Sketch of Plato and His Works905 Words   |  4 PagesGreek philosophers, Plato must remain the best known of all the Greeks. The original name of this Athenian aristocrat was Aristiclis, but in his school days he received the nickname Platon (meaning broad) because of his broad shoulders. Plato was born in Athens, Greece to one of the oldest and most distinguished families in the city. He lived with his mother, Perictione, and his father, Ariston (Until Ariston died.) Born in an aristocratic and rich family, Plato s childhood was indulgedRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Theories Of Utilitarianism And Kantian Ethics1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe ancient theories of Plato and Aristotle differ greatly from the contemporary theories of Utilitarianism and Kantian ethics. Plato and Aristotle focused on the importance of virtue in an individual’s life. Plato believed that purity of the soul was the most important thing in life and can be achieved by mastering the four virtues: justice, wisdom, courage, and moderation. Aristotle believed that the goal of human life was to achieve happiness, which is made possible by the cultivation of a justRead MoreWeaknesses Of Plato1262 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Meno, Plato justifies the possibility for one’s mind to uncover knowledge. Knowing one can obtain knowledge motivates the mind to gain more knowledge. Plato explains the theory of recollection by first questioning what virtue is, then demonstrati ng the process through the questioning of a slave boy. Although a few weaknesses present themselves in Plato’s argument, Plato presents a valid theory on how our minds can obtain knowledge. This paper focuses on exploring Plato’s theory of recollectionRead MoreHuman Nature : Good Or Evil1053 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Nature: Good or Evil All ideologies, including some economic ideologies, produce theories of human nature in order to establish fundamental human rights and to establish a more productive form of government. Human nature refers to the distinguishing characteristics of humans, including ways of thinking, feeling and acting; it is the moral principles that construct certain standards of behavior, which every person is entitled to simply because they are a human being. Many philosophers such asRead MoreThe Formations Of The Mankind System1568 Words   |  7 PagesThe formations of the mankind system have started thousands of years ago and during the pass of time took various changes and transformations. Humans as any other live beings created by nature have developed their own laws of living in order to control and coordinate the relations between them and to avoid chaos in community. Consequently, from this decision arisen another important question – in what way and by whom should the laws be deve loped and regulated. The main ideas of the laws are to protectRead MoreConfucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, And Platonism1045 Words   |  5 Pages10/23/15 What Are We - What are we? In this essay, I’ll be comparing and contrasting the four views of human nature that we have studied so far – Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Platonism – critically examining their similarities and differences. Also, I’ll be explaining which one I think provides the most plausible understanding of what we are. First, I will introduce each of the four views of human nature by defining them. Then, I will elaborate and thoroughly explain what each one claims thatRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Modern Day Psychology1401 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieved that psychology stemmed out of philosophy. The word psychology in Greek translates as psuche which means the vital breath or the human soul. Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle have had great influence on the ideas of modern day psychology. There interpretations of the mind, soul, and behavior have a strong association with the thoughts and theories of psychologists such as Freud, S kinner, Pavlov, and others. Socrates is considered the founding figure of western philosophyRead MoreA Holistic And Spiritual Treatment Essay1473 Words   |  6 Pagesby which nurses take care of patients as human beings. I believe that patients are best taken care of when nurses handle them in such a way that humans need to be taken care of: through a holistic and spiritual treatment. By rationalizing humanistic nursing theories with theories of human nature, such as dualism and existentialism, as well as perceiving man as an embodied spirit and a relational being, a more holistic approach is given to a patient as a human being. In the professional setting, knowing

Unconditional Positive Respect - 1569 Words

Within the humanistic approach in counselling, unconditional positive regard, congruence and empathy is crucial. Find. Conditional positive regard is based on whether if the client meets specific expectations, desire or requirements unlike unconditional positive regard. On the other hand unconditional positive regard can in some cases be difficult for the counsellor. Sometimes the counsellor may strong disagree with racist or prejudice views but in the counselling session they must understand the clients views without judgement (Wilkins). One key issue with unconditional positive regard is that if an client partakes in harmful antisocial behaviour,†¦show more content†¦Although Beutler (2000) found that therapeutic change is very effective within an environment that supports risk and provides maximal safety when exploring thoughts. However empathy is generally defined by western values hence lacks knowledge and awareness of other cultures ( ). Ibrahim (1991) stressed how important it is to convey empathy in a culturally consistent and meaningful manner. Finding that the credibility of with a therapeutic alliance increased if the counsellor demonstrated and communicated an understanding of clients views of the world and how they differ. Carl rogers approach to counselling challenged authoritarian tendencies, allowing clients to discover their own directions (Nelson-Jones, 2000 ). Hence Person centred approach allows the client to fully express themselves during the session with the therapist. The therapists nondirectivity within actions and attitude provided an opportunity for the client to direct their own life (Article 1). As the client knows which problems are significant and which problems have been deeply buried (Rogers, 1961). The therapist key focus is on the present issue but past issues can affect present hence they need to be addressed. Quote. However Bowen (1996) identified changes in rogersShow MoreRelatedThe Agent Of Self Change961 Words   |  4 Pagesapproaches that emphasize that trust and respect is crucial in other for a therapeutic relationship to be formed and everyone that a natural potential which is the concept person centered approached is based on. In other words, it respect the individuality, subjective experience and uniqueness of an individual and trust the ability of an individual to make a positive and constructive choice. Person-centered therapy purposed 3 key concepts: congruence, unconditional positive regard and accurate empathic understandingRead MoreThe Importance Of Creating A Comfortable Context1399 Words   |  6 Pagesit allowed me to draw on feelings that she communicated indirectly. Some of these feelings were fear, dismissal, and pressure. 4) I attempt to use non-verbal attending behaviours to communicate my openness, willingness to truly listen, and show respect for the client. Non-verbal attending behaviours used were SOLER, and subtle head nods that conveyed interest, understanding and attention of truly listening to the client as they shared information. As a counsellor I used SOLER by positioning myselfRead MoreThe Person Centered Therapy Approach1487 Words   |  6 Pagestype of therapy, they include: congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding. Person-centered therapy goal is that an individual is essentially motivated to grow and develop to become more fully self-actualizing. There are three core conditions that surround the person-centered approach. There are several strengths with type of therapy, along with set backs, for this reason some researchers’ feel there is not a long term positive outcome. But, even with assorted reviews aboutRead MoreEthical Framework, Limits of Proficiency and the Limitations on Counsellors Compared to Other Professions That Use Counselling Skills1297 Words   |  6 Pagespoints in their relationship. The ethical framework requires that counsellors respect their client’s human rights and dignity at all times and should work equally with all clients regardless of their background, race, culture, religious beliefs, disability or anything that they deem to be diverse between them. The counsellor must always strive to work with the client in order to help build and maintain positive and appropriate relationships with others which are aided by the ethics of helpingRead MorePerson Centered Therapy : Counseling1875 Words   |  8 Pageswhere the client goes. It is important for the therapist to think of the client as another person and be willing and ready to form a relationship with that person. It is very important for the therapist to be genuine, empathetic, and have unconditional positive regard. The third basic concept of person centered therapy is the relationship. The therapeutic relationship has a large part in how well the therapy will work for the client. Both the cli ent and the therapist are individual and unique theirRead MoreEvaluate the Claim That Person-Centred Therapy Offers the Therapist All That He/She Will Need to Treat Clients2368 Words   |  10 Pagesachieving potential requires favourable conditions and that under adverse conditions, individuals may well not grow and develop in the ways that they otherwise could. In particular, when individuals are denied acceptance and positive regard from others, or when that positive regard is made conditional upon the individual behaving in particular ways. Over time a person may begin to lose touch with what their own experience actually means for them, and the natural response to grow in a direction consistentRead MoreThe Theory Of Person Centered Counselling Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pages I am going to show how using the core conditions of empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence regarding myself has enabled me to become more secure. I will also discuss this concept within a Christian spirituality context as well as discussion of cultural issues relating specifically to the Tiriti O Waitangi. The theory of Person Centered Counselling is very simple, the core conditions of empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence are displayed by the counsellor in the sessionsRead MorePerson Centered Therapy1784 Words   |  8 Pageswithin the person-centered approach. The key concepts include self-actualization, conditions of worth, the fully functioning person, and the phenomenological perspectives. The therapeutic methodologies consist of empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard. In person-centered therapy, the therapist focuses on here and now experiences within the therapeutic relationship to help the client become aware of his or her true self. The goal of this approach is to create the conditions thatRead MoreAssessment of Counseling With Intern Project Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagessummarize my statements, to ensure she heard the correct message. Her ability to listen, not pass judgments, and respect my feelings contributed to her effectiveness as a counselor, and increased my willingness to be open with her. There were times during our sessions, when I felt some of her suggestions did not match up with my personality or personal experiences; however, her respect for my personal experiences and worldview emphasized her understanding abilities, and interest in my worldviewRead MoreEssay 1 Person Centred Therapy2836 Words   |  12 Pageswithin them, and for a fully functioning person this wisdom is accessible. He also uses the term â€Å"organismic self†, by which he means the real self, what a person is capable of becoming if they lived in an ideal world. Children and adults need unconditional acceptance in order to develop in a healthy way. However, in reality, children frequently grow up under circumstances where they learn to seek approval, and from a young age most people will experience disapproval and rejection in their lives.

Eid Celebration and Poors free essay sample

Abstract Acknowledgement We are highly grateful to almighty Allah who gave us the power to complete this report and we would also like to a very special thanks to our honorable teacher to Mr. Tahir Iqbal DIHE ,   for providing us a golden opportunity to do this research whose help , stimulating suggestions, knowledge, experience and encouragement helped us in all the times of study and analysis of the project. without whom this report was almost mpossible. It was a really good learning experience working under him. We would also thanks to all of those who supported us in any respect during the completion of the project. There are many traditional celebrations throughout the world. There is Christmas, Thanksgiving, and Easter. Not everyone or every culture, so to speak observes these celebrations. It depends on your background, culture, and beliefs. Every year within our culture and religion we celebrate (Eid) al Fitr. Eid is the Muslim holiday that marks the end of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, the month in which the Quran was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad it is the month of fasting Eid is an Arabic word meaning festivity, while Fi? means conclusion of the fast; and so the holiday celebrates the conclusion of the thirty days of dawn-to-sunset fasting during the entire month of Ramadan. The first day of Eid, therefore, falls on the first day of the month Shawwal. Eid is almost like Christmas, with family gathering, festive attires, giving of gifts, and food, this holiday is very memorable. In Pakistan, as the holy month of Ramadan comes to an end, charities and markets find themselves overcome by a burst of activity. We call ourselves Muslims, yet we don’t want to lose out on this wonderful opportunity to rip people off in the holy month of Ramazan. We create an artificial price hike, raise the prices to double and triple to earn a windfall profit†¦ because who knows when the chance to ‘hit the hardest where it hurts the most’ will come again. The entire nation adorns a garb of piety from the evening of the first day of Ramazan till Chand Raat. Western society has a lot to learn from us Muslims; they don’t quite understand the essence of unity, do they? Like naive creatures they actually lower their prices around Christmas time and go on a complete slash of prices right after Christmas. These people actually want consumers to afford the luxuries of life and celebrate with their loved ones. It seems like they haven’t learnt their lessons of a capitalist society well enough. No wonder people in that part of the world live longer and are hideously obese! On Eid day and the holidays that followed, we saw numerous pictures on television channels of  people celebrating the occasion in parks, on the beach and at family gatherings but this is just one face of Eid. For many others — perhaps, tens of thousands of people — Eid remained a far less festive occasion. The parents who could not buy clothes or new shoes for their children ; nor did those unable to put together a decent meal even on this occasion. During the religious festival, the household spending touches its peak Our survey revealed that in Karachi even low income group spend nothing less than Rs1000 per person in the family. This is inclusive of all expenditures that include spending on dresses, footwear, accessories, edibles, household durables and transport. The informal survey indicated the varying composition of spending in the family budget of different social classes. The proportion of spending on poor increases as income climbs. While in families of modest means, the Eid budget is consumed by basic needs, food, clothing, etc . Problem Statement The commencement of the month of ramadan is going to bring in not only the frenzy of the upcoming Eid festival but also something else which is increased tension and worry that is caused by the uncontrolled price hike of the daily essentials. Each year before the month of ramadan, the prices of the daily essentials increase twise or even thrice as much. Its difficult for lower income families to manage their budget in Ramadan and Eid due to increases of prices. The poor have got poorer and those who thought that they were well off a few years ago are busy reassessing their value – something to do with fitting into the elite. , a person (unskilled worker or the people at the lowest rung such as guards, sweepers or seasonal workers) making Rs5,000 (about $75) per month living off a make- shift hutment in a shanty township (kutchi abbadi) supporting a family cannot spend his full salary on Eid shopping. The market sources confirmed that inflation has jacked up the prices but the rise in prices of fabric, footwear and ordinary accessories is much less in percentage as compared to hike in the prices of edibles. â€Å"The food inflation is backbreaking high at 25-35 per cent. For a variety of reasons, the rates of ordinary local fabric and garments have risen marginally by 5-10 per cent†, a market analyst observed. According to a Gilani Research Foundation Survey carried out by Gallup Pakistan, 88% of Pakistanis said their preparations for Eid suffered due to inflationary pressures. Eid is our religious festival and give the massage of sacrificing and share the joys but now days it becomes celebrate as cultural festival and we forgot this massage | | | | |Variable to be Studied | | |Independent variable: | |†¢ Price hike | | | |Dependent variable: | | | |†¢ Family of Middle class | |†¢ Family of working class | |†¢ Family of lower class | Research Hypothesis H1:- Does the price hike affect the budget of lower income families H2:- Does the price hike affect the purchasing power of lower income families H3:- Does the price hike affect the Ramadan spending of lower income families H4:- Does the price hike affect the Eid celebrations of lower income families. H5:- Does inflation affect the Eid shopping very highly Research Objective The main objective of this research is Find out and analyze the problems which are faced by lower income families due to high inflation that how they manage their budgets specialy in Ramadan and how the celebrate their Eid with low income. Sources of Information Primary Sources:- Questionnaires Interviews Secondary Sources:- New Articals Online Articals Websites Method Of Data Collection A self administered questionnaire interview was conducted to collect the data from the target population on basis of non probability based sampling techniques. The people belonging to above mentioned three classes will be approached for this purpose. Questionnaires were developed for the interview which were distributed in different social Classes. To obtain the relevant information, population interviewed consisted of house wives and people from all walks of life. The questionnaire was designed to measure the impact of price hike on low income families. Likert scale was used for dependent variable different social classes independent variables price hike ranging from 1 to 5 where 1 is coded as â€Å"strongly agree† to 5 is coded as â€Å"strongly disagree†. Sampling Techniques Convenient Sampling:- Non Probability based Convenient sampling technique has been used for this purpose of data collection. Sample was taken from the Karachi city, through structured questionnaire , Instruments of Data Collection:- Close ended Questionnaire with likert scale has been used for data collection Sample Size: A total of 300 questionnaires were administered to potential respondents chosen from various areas of Karachi. A total of 250 usable questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 87%. Data Analyses Findings Discussion Conclusion Recommandation List Of References Apendix

Marco Polo free essay sample

Marco Polo became famous for his many travels, starting with a trip to Asia that began in 1271. His book about his travels became one of the most famous travel books in history. THE BETTMANN ARCHIVE Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Marco Polo They called him â€Å"the man with a million stories. † People flocked to Marco Polo’s home to hear him tell exciting tales about his travels in distant lands. Marco Polo won fame for his journeys across Asia. He wrote a book about his travels that became one of the most famous travel guides in history. EARLY LIFE Marco Polo was born in 1254 to a family of merchants. His home was Venice, Italy. Venetian merchants bought and sold valuable Chinese goods, including precious silk cloth. Such goods were brought to Europe along an ancient route known as the Silk Road. The merchants also used the route to travel east on trading missions. We will write a custom essay sample on Marco Polo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Marco’s mother died when he was a young boy. His family taught him to be a merchant. He learned how to read, write, calculate, and use foreign money. In 1269, Marco’s father and uncle, Niccolo and Maffeo, returned to Venice after visiting China. In China, they had met the Mongol conqueror Kublai Khan. The khan invited the Polos to return. He asked them to bring Christian scholars to explain the Christian religion to him. TRIP TO CHINA In 1271, Niccolo and Maffeo set out for China again. Marco, then 17 years old, joined his father and uncle for the trip. Two priests also traveled with the Polos. But the route was dangerous, and the priests soon turned back. It took the Polos four difficult years to reach China. The journey led across deserts and high mountains. They passed through wild countryside where bandits lurked, ready to rob and kill. They braved heat and cold, floods, deep snowdrifts, and blinding sandstorms. At last they reached the summer palace of Kublai Khan at Shangdu. The khan welcomed the Polos warmly. He offered Marco a job. Marco accepted, and the Polos lived in China for the next 17 years. Marco traveled on many special missions across the khan’s kingdom and to distant lands. When Marco returned from his missions, he told the khan vivid stories about the people and lands he visited. Over time, the Polos worried that Kublai Khan would not allow them to leave. Several times they had asked the khan for permission to return to Europe. But the khan enjoyed his visitors so much that he would not grant their wish. Finally, the khan changed his mind. Marco Polo’s Journey This illustration shows Marco Polo—along with his father, Niccolo, and his uncle Maffeo—beginning their famous trip from Italy to China in 1271. THE BETTMANN ARCHIVE/Corbis Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Kublai Khan and Marco Polo Marco Polo became famous for his travels to China and for his service to the Mongol Empire. In this illustration, the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan presents his golden seal to Marco Polo and his party. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. RETURN TO VENICE In 1292, Kublai Khan asked Marco to escort a Mongol princess to Persia. The Polos traveled by ship from China to the Persian Gulf. Then the Polos headed for Venice, finally reaching home in 1295. Marco had been away so long that nobody recognized him! We know about Marco’s travels because, in 1298, he became a prisoner of war. He shared his cell with a writer named Rustichello, who helped Marco turn his stories into a book. Rustichello added some details of his own. But much of Marco’s book seems to be true! Marco Polo returned to Venice after his release from prison. He died in 1324. But his book remained popular for centuries. Merchants, mapmakers, and explorers all looked to the book for information about Asian lands. Even the navigator Christopher Columbus owned a copy! Reference Marco Polo. (2009). Microsoft Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation. In text: (â€Å"Marco Polo,† 2009).