Plato s Theory Of The Human Soul - 1074 Words

Many ancient philosophers were influenced by the idea of Greek works, especially in the Islamic world. Ibn Sina referenced Aristotle many times in his works and sometimes Plato, using them as an authority when it suited his purpose. Even though Ibn Sina used Plato in some of his individual texts, he failed to mention him in his theory of the human soul because they have two different points to argue when it comes to this topic. One of Plato’s main point is that the soul is not a part of the body, and that it is imprisoned here on earth. He also argues that the soul has three main parts. On the contrary, Ibn Sina believed that we are all sharing one soul. Plato was born in 429?–347 B.C.E. and was the founder of the Athenin Academy. It is said that his theory of the soul was the starting point for psychology. Plato’s theory seeks not only to explain inner conflict but also to present the rational part of the soul as superior. In Plato’s The Republic Socrates begin his exploration of the soul because he was seeking for understanding of justice. In his opinion, the best way to analyze the soul is to compare it to a city. He believed that the function of the city was comparable to that of an individual’s soul. Socrates explains the three parts of the soul in the following quotation: The Guardians/Philosopher Kings is the reason, the Auxiliaries/Soldiers is will/spirit and Workers is the appetite. The reason is the part of the soul that seeks and loves wisdom, knowledge,Show MoreRelatedThe Tripartite Theory Of The Soul1196 Words   |  5 PagesDaryl Claude Medina Professor Morrissey PHIL 3105 April 8, 2016 The Tripartite Theory of the Soul Plato’s theory of tripartite soul focuses on the nature of human psyche. In the Republic, Plato (using the character â€Å"Socrates† as his mouthpiece) introduces this theory and claims that the soul contains three constituent elements: the appetitive, the rational, and the spirited parts. These three separate elements of the soul are organized in a hierarchy with reason being the superior of the two and spiritRead MoreJustice Is The Legal Or Philosophical Theory Of Justice1503 Words   |  7 PagesJustice is the art which gives to each man what is good for his soul. Discuss. â€Å"Justice is the art which gives to each man what is good for his soul† and that is simply to say that justice is identical with, or inseparable with philosophy. (Cahn, Political Philosophy, 1-136) Justice is an order and duty of the parts of the soul; it is to the soul as medicine preserves the health of the body. In its current and cardinal definition is a just behavior or treatment; a concern for justice, peace, andRead MoreA Life Sketch of Plato and His Works905 Words   |  4 PagesGreek philosophers, Plato must remain the best known of all the Greeks. The original name of this Athenian aristocrat was Aristiclis, but in his school days he received the nickname Platon (meaning broad) because of his broad shoulders. Plato was born in Athens, Greece to one of the oldest and most distinguished families in the city. He lived with his mother, Perictione, and his father, Ariston (Until Ariston died.) Born in an aristocratic and rich family, Plato s childhood was indulgedRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Theories Of Utilitarianism And Kantian Ethics1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe ancient theories of Plato and Aristotle differ greatly from the contemporary theories of Utilitarianism and Kantian ethics. Plato and Aristotle focused on the importance of virtue in an individual’s life. Plato believed that purity of the soul was the most important thing in life and can be achieved by mastering the four virtues: justice, wisdom, courage, and moderation. Aristotle believed that the goal of human life was to achieve happiness, which is made possible by the cultivation of a justRead MoreWeaknesses Of Plato1262 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Meno, Plato justifies the possibility for one’s mind to uncover knowledge. Knowing one can obtain knowledge motivates the mind to gain more knowledge. Plato explains the theory of recollection by first questioning what virtue is, then demonstrati ng the process through the questioning of a slave boy. Although a few weaknesses present themselves in Plato’s argument, Plato presents a valid theory on how our minds can obtain knowledge. This paper focuses on exploring Plato’s theory of recollectionRead MoreHuman Nature : Good Or Evil1053 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Nature: Good or Evil All ideologies, including some economic ideologies, produce theories of human nature in order to establish fundamental human rights and to establish a more productive form of government. Human nature refers to the distinguishing characteristics of humans, including ways of thinking, feeling and acting; it is the moral principles that construct certain standards of behavior, which every person is entitled to simply because they are a human being. Many philosophers such asRead MoreThe Formations Of The Mankind System1568 Words   |  7 PagesThe formations of the mankind system have started thousands of years ago and during the pass of time took various changes and transformations. Humans as any other live beings created by nature have developed their own laws of living in order to control and coordinate the relations between them and to avoid chaos in community. Consequently, from this decision arisen another important question – in what way and by whom should the laws be deve loped and regulated. The main ideas of the laws are to protectRead MoreConfucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, And Platonism1045 Words   |  5 Pages10/23/15 What Are We - What are we? In this essay, I’ll be comparing and contrasting the four views of human nature that we have studied so far – Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Platonism – critically examining their similarities and differences. Also, I’ll be explaining which one I think provides the most plausible understanding of what we are. First, I will introduce each of the four views of human nature by defining them. Then, I will elaborate and thoroughly explain what each one claims thatRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Modern Day Psychology1401 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieved that psychology stemmed out of philosophy. The word psychology in Greek translates as psuche which means the vital breath or the human soul. Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle have had great influence on the ideas of modern day psychology. There interpretations of the mind, soul, and behavior have a strong association with the thoughts and theories of psychologists such as Freud, S kinner, Pavlov, and others. Socrates is considered the founding figure of western philosophyRead MoreA Holistic And Spiritual Treatment Essay1473 Words   |  6 Pagesby which nurses take care of patients as human beings. I believe that patients are best taken care of when nurses handle them in such a way that humans need to be taken care of: through a holistic and spiritual treatment. By rationalizing humanistic nursing theories with theories of human nature, such as dualism and existentialism, as well as perceiving man as an embodied spirit and a relational being, a more holistic approach is given to a patient as a human being. In the professional setting, knowing

Unconditional Positive Respect - 1569 Words

Within the humanistic approach in counselling, unconditional positive regard, congruence and empathy is crucial. Find. Conditional positive regard is based on whether if the client meets specific expectations, desire or requirements unlike unconditional positive regard. On the other hand unconditional positive regard can in some cases be difficult for the counsellor. Sometimes the counsellor may strong disagree with racist or prejudice views but in the counselling session they must understand the clients views without judgement (Wilkins). One key issue with unconditional positive regard is that if an client partakes in harmful antisocial behaviour,†¦show more content†¦Although Beutler (2000) found that therapeutic change is very effective within an environment that supports risk and provides maximal safety when exploring thoughts. However empathy is generally defined by western values hence lacks knowledge and awareness of other cultures ( ). Ibrahim (1991) stressed how important it is to convey empathy in a culturally consistent and meaningful manner. Finding that the credibility of with a therapeutic alliance increased if the counsellor demonstrated and communicated an understanding of clients views of the world and how they differ. Carl rogers approach to counselling challenged authoritarian tendencies, allowing clients to discover their own directions (Nelson-Jones, 2000 ). Hence Person centred approach allows the client to fully express themselves during the session with the therapist. The therapists nondirectivity within actions and attitude provided an opportunity for the client to direct their own life (Article 1). As the client knows which problems are significant and which problems have been deeply buried (Rogers, 1961). The therapist key focus is on the present issue but past issues can affect present hence they need to be addressed. Quote. However Bowen (1996) identified changes in rogersShow MoreRelatedThe Agent Of Self Change961 Words   |  4 Pagesapproaches that emphasize that trust and respect is crucial in other for a therapeutic relationship to be formed and everyone that a natural potential which is the concept person centered approached is based on. In other words, it respect the individuality, subjective experience and uniqueness of an individual and trust the ability of an individual to make a positive and constructive choice. Person-centered therapy purposed 3 key concepts: congruence, unconditional positive regard and accurate empathic understandingRead MoreThe Importance Of Creating A Comfortable Context1399 Words   |  6 Pagesit allowed me to draw on feelings that she communicated indirectly. Some of these feelings were fear, dismissal, and pressure. 4) I attempt to use non-verbal attending behaviours to communicate my openness, willingness to truly listen, and show respect for the client. Non-verbal attending behaviours used were SOLER, and subtle head nods that conveyed interest, understanding and attention of truly listening to the client as they shared information. As a counsellor I used SOLER by positioning myselfRead MoreThe Person Centered Therapy Approach1487 Words   |  6 Pagestype of therapy, they include: congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding. Person-centered therapy goal is that an individual is essentially motivated to grow and develop to become more fully self-actualizing. There are three core conditions that surround the person-centered approach. There are several strengths with type of therapy, along with set backs, for this reason some researchers’ feel there is not a long term positive outcome. But, even with assorted reviews aboutRead MoreEthical Framework, Limits of Proficiency and the Limitations on Counsellors Compared to Other Professions That Use Counselling Skills1297 Words   |  6 Pagespoints in their relationship. The ethical framework requires that counsellors respect their client’s human rights and dignity at all times and should work equally with all clients regardless of their background, race, culture, religious beliefs, disability or anything that they deem to be diverse between them. The counsellor must always strive to work with the client in order to help build and maintain positive and appropriate relationships with others which are aided by the ethics of helpingRead MorePerson Centered Therapy : Counseling1875 Words   |  8 Pageswhere the client goes. It is important for the therapist to think of the client as another person and be willing and ready to form a relationship with that person. It is very important for the therapist to be genuine, empathetic, and have unconditional positive regard. The third basic concept of person centered therapy is the relationship. The therapeutic relationship has a large part in how well the therapy will work for the client. Both the cli ent and the therapist are individual and unique theirRead MoreEvaluate the Claim That Person-Centred Therapy Offers the Therapist All That He/She Will Need to Treat Clients2368 Words   |  10 Pagesachieving potential requires favourable conditions and that under adverse conditions, individuals may well not grow and develop in the ways that they otherwise could. In particular, when individuals are denied acceptance and positive regard from others, or when that positive regard is made conditional upon the individual behaving in particular ways. Over time a person may begin to lose touch with what their own experience actually means for them, and the natural response to grow in a direction consistentRead MoreThe Theory Of Person Centered Counselling Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pages I am going to show how using the core conditions of empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence regarding myself has enabled me to become more secure. I will also discuss this concept within a Christian spirituality context as well as discussion of cultural issues relating specifically to the Tiriti O Waitangi. The theory of Person Centered Counselling is very simple, the core conditions of empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence are displayed by the counsellor in the sessionsRead MorePerson Centered Therapy1784 Words   |  8 Pageswithin the person-centered approach. The key concepts include self-actualization, conditions of worth, the fully functioning person, and the phenomenological perspectives. The therapeutic methodologies consist of empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard. In person-centered therapy, the therapist focuses on here and now experiences within the therapeutic relationship to help the client become aware of his or her true self. The goal of this approach is to create the conditions thatRead MoreAssessment of Counseling With Intern Project Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagessummarize my statements, to ensure she heard the correct message. Her ability to listen, not pass judgments, and respect my feelings contributed to her effectiveness as a counselor, and increased my willingness to be open with her. There were times during our sessions, when I felt some of her suggestions did not match up with my personality or personal experiences; however, her respect for my personal experiences and worldview emphasized her understanding abilities, and interest in my worldviewRead MoreEssay 1 Person Centred Therapy2836 Words   |  12 Pageswithin them, and for a fully functioning person this wisdom is accessible. He also uses the term â€Å"organismic self†, by which he means the real self, what a person is capable of becoming if they lived in an ideal world. Children and adults need unconditional acceptance in order to develop in a healthy way. However, in reality, children frequently grow up under circumstances where they learn to seek approval, and from a young age most people will experience disapproval and rejection in their lives.

Eid Celebration and Poors free essay sample

Abstract Acknowledgement We are highly grateful to almighty Allah who gave us the power to complete this report and we would also like to a very special thanks to our honorable teacher to Mr. Tahir Iqbal DIHE ,   for providing us a golden opportunity to do this research whose help , stimulating suggestions, knowledge, experience and encouragement helped us in all the times of study and analysis of the project. without whom this report was almost mpossible. It was a really good learning experience working under him. We would also thanks to all of those who supported us in any respect during the completion of the project. There are many traditional celebrations throughout the world. There is Christmas, Thanksgiving, and Easter. Not everyone or every culture, so to speak observes these celebrations. It depends on your background, culture, and beliefs. Every year within our culture and religion we celebrate (Eid) al Fitr. Eid is the Muslim holiday that marks the end of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, the month in which the Quran was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad it is the month of fasting Eid is an Arabic word meaning festivity, while Fi? means conclusion of the fast; and so the holiday celebrates the conclusion of the thirty days of dawn-to-sunset fasting during the entire month of Ramadan. The first day of Eid, therefore, falls on the first day of the month Shawwal. Eid is almost like Christmas, with family gathering, festive attires, giving of gifts, and food, this holiday is very memorable. In Pakistan, as the holy month of Ramadan comes to an end, charities and markets find themselves overcome by a burst of activity. We call ourselves Muslims, yet we don’t want to lose out on this wonderful opportunity to rip people off in the holy month of Ramazan. We create an artificial price hike, raise the prices to double and triple to earn a windfall profit†¦ because who knows when the chance to ‘hit the hardest where it hurts the most’ will come again. The entire nation adorns a garb of piety from the evening of the first day of Ramazan till Chand Raat. Western society has a lot to learn from us Muslims; they don’t quite understand the essence of unity, do they? Like naive creatures they actually lower their prices around Christmas time and go on a complete slash of prices right after Christmas. These people actually want consumers to afford the luxuries of life and celebrate with their loved ones. It seems like they haven’t learnt their lessons of a capitalist society well enough. No wonder people in that part of the world live longer and are hideously obese! On Eid day and the holidays that followed, we saw numerous pictures on television channels of  people celebrating the occasion in parks, on the beach and at family gatherings but this is just one face of Eid. For many others — perhaps, tens of thousands of people — Eid remained a far less festive occasion. The parents who could not buy clothes or new shoes for their children ; nor did those unable to put together a decent meal even on this occasion. During the religious festival, the household spending touches its peak Our survey revealed that in Karachi even low income group spend nothing less than Rs1000 per person in the family. This is inclusive of all expenditures that include spending on dresses, footwear, accessories, edibles, household durables and transport. The informal survey indicated the varying composition of spending in the family budget of different social classes. The proportion of spending on poor increases as income climbs. While in families of modest means, the Eid budget is consumed by basic needs, food, clothing, etc . Problem Statement The commencement of the month of ramadan is going to bring in not only the frenzy of the upcoming Eid festival but also something else which is increased tension and worry that is caused by the uncontrolled price hike of the daily essentials. Each year before the month of ramadan, the prices of the daily essentials increase twise or even thrice as much. Its difficult for lower income families to manage their budget in Ramadan and Eid due to increases of prices. The poor have got poorer and those who thought that they were well off a few years ago are busy reassessing their value – something to do with fitting into the elite. , a person (unskilled worker or the people at the lowest rung such as guards, sweepers or seasonal workers) making Rs5,000 (about $75) per month living off a make- shift hutment in a shanty township (kutchi abbadi) supporting a family cannot spend his full salary on Eid shopping. The market sources confirmed that inflation has jacked up the prices but the rise in prices of fabric, footwear and ordinary accessories is much less in percentage as compared to hike in the prices of edibles. â€Å"The food inflation is backbreaking high at 25-35 per cent. For a variety of reasons, the rates of ordinary local fabric and garments have risen marginally by 5-10 per cent†, a market analyst observed. According to a Gilani Research Foundation Survey carried out by Gallup Pakistan, 88% of Pakistanis said their preparations for Eid suffered due to inflationary pressures. Eid is our religious festival and give the massage of sacrificing and share the joys but now days it becomes celebrate as cultural festival and we forgot this massage | | | | |Variable to be Studied | | |Independent variable: | |†¢ Price hike | | | |Dependent variable: | | | |†¢ Family of Middle class | |†¢ Family of working class | |†¢ Family of lower class | Research Hypothesis H1:- Does the price hike affect the budget of lower income families H2:- Does the price hike affect the purchasing power of lower income families H3:- Does the price hike affect the Ramadan spending of lower income families H4:- Does the price hike affect the Eid celebrations of lower income families. H5:- Does inflation affect the Eid shopping very highly Research Objective The main objective of this research is Find out and analyze the problems which are faced by lower income families due to high inflation that how they manage their budgets specialy in Ramadan and how the celebrate their Eid with low income. Sources of Information Primary Sources:- Questionnaires Interviews Secondary Sources:- New Articals Online Articals Websites Method Of Data Collection A self administered questionnaire interview was conducted to collect the data from the target population on basis of non probability based sampling techniques. The people belonging to above mentioned three classes will be approached for this purpose. Questionnaires were developed for the interview which were distributed in different social Classes. To obtain the relevant information, population interviewed consisted of house wives and people from all walks of life. The questionnaire was designed to measure the impact of price hike on low income families. Likert scale was used for dependent variable different social classes independent variables price hike ranging from 1 to 5 where 1 is coded as â€Å"strongly agree† to 5 is coded as â€Å"strongly disagree†. Sampling Techniques Convenient Sampling:- Non Probability based Convenient sampling technique has been used for this purpose of data collection. Sample was taken from the Karachi city, through structured questionnaire , Instruments of Data Collection:- Close ended Questionnaire with likert scale has been used for data collection Sample Size: A total of 300 questionnaires were administered to potential respondents chosen from various areas of Karachi. A total of 250 usable questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 87%. Data Analyses Findings Discussion Conclusion Recommandation List Of References Apendix

Marco Polo free essay sample

Marco Polo became famous for his many travels, starting with a trip to Asia that began in 1271. His book about his travels became one of the most famous travel books in history. THE BETTMANN ARCHIVE Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Marco Polo They called him â€Å"the man with a million stories. † People flocked to Marco Polo’s home to hear him tell exciting tales about his travels in distant lands. Marco Polo won fame for his journeys across Asia. He wrote a book about his travels that became one of the most famous travel guides in history. EARLY LIFE Marco Polo was born in 1254 to a family of merchants. His home was Venice, Italy. Venetian merchants bought and sold valuable Chinese goods, including precious silk cloth. Such goods were brought to Europe along an ancient route known as the Silk Road. The merchants also used the route to travel east on trading missions. We will write a custom essay sample on Marco Polo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Marco’s mother died when he was a young boy. His family taught him to be a merchant. He learned how to read, write, calculate, and use foreign money. In 1269, Marco’s father and uncle, Niccolo and Maffeo, returned to Venice after visiting China. In China, they had met the Mongol conqueror Kublai Khan. The khan invited the Polos to return. He asked them to bring Christian scholars to explain the Christian religion to him. TRIP TO CHINA In 1271, Niccolo and Maffeo set out for China again. Marco, then 17 years old, joined his father and uncle for the trip. Two priests also traveled with the Polos. But the route was dangerous, and the priests soon turned back. It took the Polos four difficult years to reach China. The journey led across deserts and high mountains. They passed through wild countryside where bandits lurked, ready to rob and kill. They braved heat and cold, floods, deep snowdrifts, and blinding sandstorms. At last they reached the summer palace of Kublai Khan at Shangdu. The khan welcomed the Polos warmly. He offered Marco a job. Marco accepted, and the Polos lived in China for the next 17 years. Marco traveled on many special missions across the khan’s kingdom and to distant lands. When Marco returned from his missions, he told the khan vivid stories about the people and lands he visited. Over time, the Polos worried that Kublai Khan would not allow them to leave. Several times they had asked the khan for permission to return to Europe. But the khan enjoyed his visitors so much that he would not grant their wish. Finally, the khan changed his mind. Marco Polo’s Journey This illustration shows Marco Polo—along with his father, Niccolo, and his uncle Maffeo—beginning their famous trip from Italy to China in 1271. THE BETTMANN ARCHIVE/Corbis Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Kublai Khan and Marco Polo Marco Polo became famous for his travels to China and for his service to the Mongol Empire. In this illustration, the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan presents his golden seal to Marco Polo and his party. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. RETURN TO VENICE In 1292, Kublai Khan asked Marco to escort a Mongol princess to Persia. The Polos traveled by ship from China to the Persian Gulf. Then the Polos headed for Venice, finally reaching home in 1295. Marco had been away so long that nobody recognized him! We know about Marco’s travels because, in 1298, he became a prisoner of war. He shared his cell with a writer named Rustichello, who helped Marco turn his stories into a book. Rustichello added some details of his own. But much of Marco’s book seems to be true! Marco Polo returned to Venice after his release from prison. He died in 1324. But his book remained popular for centuries. Merchants, mapmakers, and explorers all looked to the book for information about Asian lands. Even the navigator Christopher Columbus owned a copy! Reference Marco Polo. (2009). Microsoft Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation. In text: (â€Å"Marco Polo,† 2009).

Analytical Essay Sample on Harrison Bergeron Can an Equal Society Truly Exist

Analytical Essay Sample on Harrison Bergeron Can an Equal Society Truly Exist Can an equal society truly exist? The story, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† gives one perspective answer to this question throughout the story. The story portrays one main conflict between Harrison Bergeron, a genius boy who is very talented, against a â€Å"government† that makes the entire society equal by handicapping the more gifted, down to the level of the less fortunate or incapable. Harrison constantly outgrows his tremendous handicaps faster than the government can create them and plans to overthrow the handicap government and society with his genius. The reader learns that there is a constant struggle with the people in the society who are smarter being able to think on there own for a short while to only come and find themselves lost, since their handicaps have kicked in and made their thought process vanish. The reader also realizes that the normal functions of humanity can’t take place: conversations, fascination or entertainment, and the ability of knowle dge and the sense of learning, are lost. The absence of uniqueness and diversity are not present and formality and same-ness is enforced and therefore accepted. The story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† shows that equality is a non-valued gift of uniqueness for all humans. All humans can never be truly equal in the eyes of the world. Near the opening few paragraphs of the story the reader learns that intelligence may be handicapped yet the ability to reason hasn’t been lost. Hazel tells George that she thinks he looks tired. She says, â€Å"All of a sudden you look so tired. Why don’t you stretch out on the sofa, so’s you can rest your handicap bag and the pillows, honeybunch.† â€Å"Go on rest the bag for a little while. I don’t care if you’re not equal to me for a while.† â€Å"You been so tired lately-kind of wore out. If there was just some way we could make a little hole in the bottom of the bag, and just take out a few of them lead balls. Just a few.† George responds by saying, â€Å"Two years in prison and two thousand dollars fine for every ball I took out. I don’t call that a bargain.† In this part of the dialogue we learn the more intelligent George, of many intellectual handicaps, still can reason better than his wife who isn’ t handicapped. The wife tries to persuade him and convince him that he should take off his handicaps for a while and rest. George can still better understand the consequences of those potential actions and thus can still outsmart his wife by making a different decision. Through this passage, the reader also learns that even in this handicap society of â€Å"equality† not everyone is truly equal. If everyone was truly equal George wouldn’t have been able to make a more correct reasoning than another person and choose different actions based on knowledge and reason. This just once again proves that even in a â€Å"perfect† society not everything is perfect. At the end of the story and at the climax the reader learns about the character Harrison Bergeron. The genius boy starts to plot to overthrow the handicapper General and her government. By escaping from jail Harrison proceeds to a TV studio to proclaim his revolt to the rest of the society. Once ripping off his handicaps and the handicaps of the rest of the people in the TV studio area, Harrison began to show the joys of having talents. He asks the orchestra to play their best so he and the ballerina can truly make a wonderful dance and experience what music is supposed to truly be. As the wonderful music is played and the elaborate dance proceeds, the Handicap General herself storms the studio and kills the ballerina and Harrison instantly and orders the orchestra to put on there handicaps immediately or they were to be killed. All this time the Harrison family consisting of Hazel and George are watching all of these actions unfold on TV about their son. After Harrison is shot dead, Hazel begins to cry but just momentarily she stops and can’t remember why she was crying. The author wants to show that not even the parents of a murdered child can grieve over his or her death. These events proved that true emotions couldn’t have been grasped or even been able to take effect. If grief can’t be grasped, can love? This handicapped world of equality just may be one without love and one without knowledge and uniqueness of individuals. All humans can never truly be equal, be able to express and grasp feelings, and convey their own personal uniqueness. It was proved in this â€Å"perfect† society where everyone was to be equal and it was proved incorrect. While one person can reason better than another, an equal society thus cannot exist. Learning that in some cases some individuals have such greater intelligence, they may pose a threat to the collapse of a â€Å"perfect† society since the intelligent figure may be more gifted than the leaders of the government and thus be able to out smart them before they can take control of the intelligent figure. Can a perfect society exist without emotions and the ability to share with others? This story of Harrison Bergeron makes the reader consider that exact question and make them think from examples from the story if it is truly possible. The author ends the story with the Handicap government prevailing over its people and thus with the reign of the government . Yet, the author through example actions and accounts supports how a perfect society cannot exist and relays some of the flaws and hindrances that may account to the downfall of the â€Å"perfect† society. The author portrays the society winning and prevailing literally but most importantly he only uses that event as the story line and makes the plot support against it. The story of â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† will make whoever reads it think about equality and how it can go so far to pose a threat to society and humanity. After reading the story one may feel a great sense of appreciation to an American Democratic society of free expression and allow for the possibilities of using ones gifts to the fullest. Through this story one may believe a perfect society can never exist, yet we wait for the day when the expressions of emotions, the sharing of talents and gifts, and mostly love can all be experienced in the eyes of people who perceive each other as truly equals. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Harrison Bergeron topics at CustomWritings.com professional custom essay writing service which provides students with high-quality custom written papers at an affordable cost.

The Emirati Consumers Buying Behaviors

The Emirati Consumers Buying Behaviors Introduction There is no use denying the fact that modern world is based on market relations. Nowadays, every state is able to exist and function due to the main aspects of market-driven economy. People and organizations buy certain goods and in this way they promote further development of the whole industry.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Emirati Consumers Buying Behaviors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These regularities are peculiar to the majority of countries in the world nowadays. That is why, it is absolutely vital for coherent society to save existing model as the whole prosperity of the world depends on it. Additionally, it is possible to say that there are regions where some certain sorts of goods are distributed better than others. I t is connected with the peculiarities of development of the area and culture of people who live there (Luxury Goods in the United Arab Emirates, 2014). Special demand leads to the development of a certain kind of industry which, in its turn, influences the whole economy of a state. Nevertheless, especially important it becomes if the demand of a customer and his/her buying behavior depend on the presence or absence of a certain kind of goods (Worldwide luxury goods continues double-digit annual growth; global market now tops â‚ ¬200 billion, finds Bain Company, 2013). Under these conditions, the aim of this work is to analyze the Emirati consumer’s buying behaviors based on luxury goods prices and the character of the good of this sort (Pivac, 2014). This question seems to be rather significant within the framework of the development of the UAE industry and market because people, who buy luxury goods, serve as the main force for the development of economy (Luxury Goods in the United Arab Emirates, n.d.). That is why, it is very important to understand all aspects which influence the choice of these people and mechanisms of the formation of their behavior. Background It is obvious that there is a great number of different scientists who devote their works to the investigation of this very issue. The thing is that being very important, it can influence situation in the region greatly. Nowadays, the UAE is one of the richest states in the world and it is obvious that great attention is given to purchasing ability of its citizens and their buying behavior in order to understand better what kind of goods could be sold better and start manufacturing and promoting these very products (Ligaya, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Under these conditions, it becomes very important to understand the situation it the country and world in the whole. Additionally, the UAE can be also characterized by the high level of incomes among youth as very often they are either heritors of a great cap ital or partners in some business usually connected with oil manufacturing and distribution (Maceda, 2013). Taking these facts into account, it is possible to say that very often oscillations in the mood of a customer can influence his/her attitude towards a certain good or service and influence his/her decision whether to buy a good or not. That is why, the influence of the positive or negative attitude towards a certain object should also be investigated. Theoretical framework It is no use denying the fact that the issue of consumers buying behavior has its own theoretical basis. It should be said that a great number of different factors influence the attitude of a person towards some good and it, in its turn, influences their final decision whether to buy a good or not. Additionally, there is a great number of additional concepts and forces which influence the process of decision making of a customer. Under these conditions, it should be suggested that the Theory of Reasoned Acti on could be applied to this issue. This theory states that there are certain factors which influence and predict a behavioral intention of a person and in such a way make him/her buy certain good. That is why, it is possible to say that the main key points of this theory could be used to investigate the problem. To show the possible ways of the implementation of the theory and directions for analysis it is possible to create a conceptual map which takes into account all these issues. With this in mind, it is possible to say that there are at least three important factors which influence decision making and attitude of a customer towards a good.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Emirati Consumers Buying Behaviors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Study Constructs and Variables Talking about different buying behaviors and attitude of people towards certain goods, it is impossible not to mention different st atistical data and numbers which are able to show the state of affairs peculiar to the sphere under investigation. With this in mind, it is possible to say that one of the main variables of the whole research will be the level of satisfaction of people while buying certain kinds of goods and answers of consumers connected with the most important aspects of the issue. In order to get the needed variable a special survey is created and conducted among people who live in the UAE. It is also important to admit that statistical data obtained from this survey serves as the basis for the whole research as it helps to obtain clear image of the whole sphere and to analyze preferences of the targeted audience. Additionally, hypothesis, created to support the research with a good theoretical basis and show peculiarities of the issue better, are also discussed in the paper and analyzed with the help of different theories and statistical data. Hypotheses Having outlined the main variables, conce pts and theories which are used in the given research, it is possible to show the main hypothesis of our research and main research questions. Research question Which attitude-processing mode (affective or cognitive) typically helps Emiratis consumers between the ages of 25 and 35 to come to term with a product price? How does their high or low level of involvement moderate this process? Hypothesis 1: The more Emirati consumers are involved towards luxury products, the higher the chance they will make decisions based on their emotions and tend to pay more. Hypothesis 2: The Emirati consumer tends to spend more on locally produced luxury products rather than imported luxury goodsAdvertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hypothesis 3: Cultural peculiarities and financial growth of the UAE have led to the rise of level of involvement of Emirati buyers when it comes to luxury. It becomes obvious that the main aim of the given research is to investigate preferences of the group of population of a certain age to understand peculiarities of customers attitude towards certain price and influence of its size on the intention of a person to buy a good better. Method Sample Description To support the work with clear evidence a special survey is created and conducted. The aim of any survey is to collect reliable and credible information. That is why, it is usually organized in the most clear way for respondents to be able to follow it and answer its questions easily. The survey for this research paper is placed online at https://www.1ka.si/a/68474 for the respondents to be able to participate in it in the form which is the most convenient for them. There are 20 questions in the essay which main aim is to inve stigate the main peculiarities of customers behavior of people in the UAE. The total surveyed number is now 42, with 28 total valid and 14 total invalid (The Emirati consumers buying behavior, n.d). The preferable age of people is between 25 and 35 years. This period is chosen not accidentally as usually at this very period people are more likely to buy some thing which is associated with luxury and a certain lifestyle (Vel, Captain, Al-Abbas, Al Hashemi, 2011). It should also be said that the survey is still available on the site and due to this fact it is possible to monitor situation and add the latest changes to the research admitting the latest variations of the results. Design of the study Taking into account the character of the issue under investigation, the decision to use survey as the main tool which can collect the needed data is accepted. There are several reasons for this choice. It is undeniable fact that consumers behavior is a very personal characteristics which va ries and, that is why, only direct questions connected with the issue can help to find a good answer and determine certain regularities Wit this in mind, a certain survey is designed in order to obtain these answers. Special survey tool OneClick Survey is used for these purposes. This survey is rather efficient and provides a great number of possibilities for data processing. It can help to calculate final results and present regularities and statistics connected with the survey. Additionally, great possibilities for the data analysis are also provided by this very tool. That is why, it is chosen as the main service which can help to collect the needed data and process it, outlining certain peculiarities and regularities for their further discussion. Scale and Questionnaire The design of the survey implies the usage of a certain kind of questions. First of all, it should be said that the majority of questions have several variants and a respondent should choose one which fits the be st his/her demands. Additionally, there are also questions which need detailed answer and there are no certain variants for a respondent to chose them. These questions are needed to understand what factors can influence a persons consumer behavior as it is impossible to take all these factors into account and include them into the survey. Additionally, there are several questions connected with ratings. A person is given the task to evaluate some element of phenomenon for the researchers to be able to understand his/her attitude towards the issue. A respondent should do it using the scale from 1 to 5 where 1 is not important or used rarely and 5 is the most important of frequently used. With this in mind, it is possible to say that it is the combined survey which uses different kinds of questions in order to obtain the most reliable and credible information which could be used in the following research paper. Results The data obtained with the help of the survey can be processed and certain results connected with the peculiarities of consumers behavior in the UAE could be obtained. It should be said that majority of respondents are females (21 women against 7 men). Additionally, it should be mentioned that according to the survey they buy luxury products once a three month and are ready to spend 20-25% of their income on these products. All these results are obtained with the help of analysis of the data provided by the survey. The tool OneClick Survey is used to calculate the data and present it in the form of a table with understandable numbers and results. It should also be said that logic approach is used to analyze the data. Resting on certain facts obtained from the survey it is possible to suggest some ideas connected with the issue. Discussion The results obtained from the survey provide the possibility to make a certain conclusion. First of all, it should be said that there is a great number of factors which influence the process of decision making of consumers in the UAE. These factors are connected with the price of a good and its origin. Resting on the data, obtained from the survey, it is possible to say that low price is not the guaranty that a good will be bought. Moreover, majority of respondents have neutral attitude towards the price of a good. Nevertheless, it should be said that hypothesis that consumers in the UAE prefer to buy luxury goods which are manufactured in the UAE turned out to be irrelevant. According to the survey, citizens of the UAE prefer foreign goods to local ones because of their quality and popularity. However, it is also possible to assume that blistering growth of the level of incomes of people in the UAE can be taken as one of the main reasons of the growth of interest towards luxury goods. Respondents state that the increase of incomes will lead to the further growth of the interest towards this sort of goods. Besides, the majority of respondents state the fact that very often they decide to bu y a good spontaneously. With this in mind, it is possible to say that two hypothesis of our research paper are true and there is a clear evidence to support them. Limitations It should be said that there are certain factors which influence the research. First of all, a small number of respondents should be admitted as this fact does not allow to obtain more reliable information. Additionally, impossibility to question really rich and influential people adds some limits. Direction for the future Research in this area It is possible to suggest further research connected with the issue of luxury goods and consumers behavior in the UAE as it is very important region with a great potential. That is why, possible aftermath of the growth of interest towards some other kinds of goods should be analyzed. Conclusion Having analyzed the main aspects of the Emirati consumer’s buying behaviors, it is possible to make a certain conclusion. It should be said that citizens of the UAE prefer to buy foreign products, without any occasion and very often for some private needs. Additionally, the price does not play significant role as high level of incomes promotes development of the demand on such goods. References Ligaya, A. (2010). Survey suggests luxuries have become a lifestyle in UAE. The National. Retrieved from thenational.ae/news/uae-news/survey-suggests-luxuries-have-become-a-lifestyle-in-uae Luxury Goods in the United Arab Emirates. (2014). Marketwatch. Retrieved from marketwatch.com/story/luxury-goods-in-the-united-arab-emirates-2014-08-26 Luxury Goods in the United Arab Emirates. (n.d.). Euromonitor international. Retrieved from euromonitor.com/luxury-goods-in-the-united-arab-emirates/report Maceda, C. (2013).  UAE demand for luxury goods slows down. Gulf News. Retrieved from http://gulfnews.com/business/sectors/general/uae-demand-for-luxury-goods-slows-down-1.1192486 Pivac, Z. (2014). GCC’s luxury goods market continues to grow fast. Retrieved from b qdoha.com/2014/09/gccs-luxury-goods-market-continues-grow-fast The Emirati consumers buying behavior.(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.1ka.si/admin/survey/index.php?anketa=68474a=analysism=sumarnik Vel, K., Captain, A., Al-Abbas, R. Al Hashemi, B. (2011), Luxury buying in the United Arab Emirates, Journal of Business and Behavioural Sciences, 23(3), pp. 145-160.Retrieved from http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1457context=dubaipapers Worldwide luxury goods continues double-digit annual growth; global market now tops â‚ ¬200 billion, finds Bain Company. (2013). Retrieved from bain.com/offices/middleeast/en_us/press/press-releases/2013-luxury-market-study-release-bain-middle-east.aspx

What is your personal environmental ecological ethic Essay

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Rebuttal Argument - Essay Example His work demands attention because the U.S. grading system receives criticism on a permanent basis due to problems of high school graduates who lack the competencies required to be successful in college and occupations. Knight’s claims are flawed because of the following reasons: he has a biased example, from which he bases hasty generalizations; he commits the ad hominem fallacy, when he judges students as generally self-entitled; and he uses the grading system as a red herring to the fundamental issue of the education system, which is raising student motivation and learning. Knight argues that the grading system is flawed because, based on his experience, since self-entitled students manage to get high grades with minimal effort, grades are no longer objective and accurate measures of competence. He exemplifies students, who choose easy teachers, or those who give high grades, though he focuses on students and their parents, who harass teachers to give these students higher grades because of self-entitlement. Self-entitlement means that because they passed exams and completed requirements, they feel that they deserve at least a B grade. Finally, Knight proposes comprehensive exams that have depth and breadth as a better measure of subject competencies. He states that the results of these exams should replace high school grades in college assessment processes and outcomes. Though Knight touches on some of the limitations of the grading system in his school, he has a biased sample, from which he bases hasty generalizations. His experiences with self-entitled students come from his own limited class interactions. Yet, he states categorically that this problem affects the entire country: â€Å"While I can only speak to grading practices at my school, I suspect that these concerns are endemic throughout high schools nationwide† (Knight). Though his experience somehow proves that grades are false indicators of competency for his class, he cannot say t hat his students represent the majority of American students. Because his sampling is biased, he cannot make the hasty generalization that grades are no longer objective and accurate measures of competence. Some students, who work hard for their grades and have learned competencies, are exceptions to his hasty generalizations. Aside from biased sampling and hasty generalization, Knight commits the ad hominem fallacy when he judges students as generally self-entitled, so their grades do not measure their competencies. He approaches the problem with the grading system from the assumption that self-entitled students have made it an unreliable performance measurement. He suggests that these students are cheaters and lazy in learning class materials; thus, their grades do not reflect their mastery of their subjects. He does not consider that several self-entitled students may actually have mastered their courses, but their levels do not fit the grades that they are demanding for. Some se lf-entitled students may have motivation problems only, not learning deficits. Finally, Knight uses the grading system as a red herring to the fundamental issue of the education system, which is raising student motivation toward learning. He blames self-entitled students, including the idea of self-entitled American culture, for poor learning among high school students. He does not co

Influence of Twnety20 Cricket on Cricket Stakeholders

Influence of Twnety20 Cricket on Cricket Stakeholders CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction This research on the impact of twenty20 cricket on international cricket attempts to explore the perception of both primary and secondary stakeholders of the game in the international arena. Twenty20 cricket is one of the richest industries, which is valued at around a billion dollar across the globe. Twenty20 cricket is one of the worlds sports with many enthusiastic participants, spectators as well as media interest. Twenty20 Cricket has sparked new life and provided redemption to cricket all over the globe. The Twenty20 version of the game has been a major factor in attempting to further globalize, commercialize and popularize the game. Cricket is one the most popular and well-liked game in the world. Cricket is an established team sport for hundreds of years and very popular in countries such as India, Pakistan, West Indies, South Africa and England. Like other sporting activities, twenty20 cricket is a professional sport that is sought after by both men and women due to its nume rous beneficial attributes. This popular and beneficial activity not only provides you physical fitness but mental strength and sharpness too. A sport helps a person in building a very positive attitude. It has also become a part of education and routines of people. The main of the research is to determine the impact of twenty20 cricket sport on international cricket. This chapter tends to outline background of the study and problem statement. In addition, it discusses the research questions, research objectives and the significance of the study apart from presenting the research outline. 1.2 Study Background The origin of Cricket sport can be traced from the period of the dark ages, probably after the Roman Empire, almost definitely prior to the Normans invading England and almost certainly somewhere in Northern Europe. Circumstantial evidences suggest the fact that this game was started in Saxon or Norman times by children living in south east part of England in an area of dense woodlands known as Weald. It is generally believed that cricket was more of a children game rather than the adults. It was taken up by the adults in 17th century and since then, this sport continued to increase its popularity and public acceptance and never looked back. As far as the name of term â€Å"cricket â€Å"is concerned it is generally believed that this word had various possible sources. The earliest source is traced back to 1598 when it was called as cricket. It is thought to be derived from Middle Dutch term â€Å"krick â€Å"meaning a stick. There are another terms also available which all sugge st the possible involvement of Dutch in this sport. The game of Cricket is known to be spanning from the 16th century with matches being played since 1844, although officially ‘International Test Cricket was played from the year 1877 onwards. Test cricket is the oldest and longest form of cricket. It is also considered as the most reliable and challenging form of cricket to measure the worth of any team where 2 innings are played by each team. After the toss the team that bats first piles on as many runs as possible and declares the innings. Then comes the turn of other team and so the match goes on until the final result. The popularity and charm of test cricket is decreasing day by day because of the origination of new more exciting forms of cricket. Hopwood (2005) argues that the game of Cricket has been governed by the rules for more than 250 years. The Marylebone Cricket Club has been an authoritative figure in putting forth the rules of cricket and its subsequent amendme nts. In the year 2000, the MCC revised the rules of Cricket and introduced Spirit of Cricket to the laws of the game to maintain the unique character and enjoyment of the game. One day cricket is the most recognizable and viewed form of cricket in the world. It is being played and watched by the people with great enthusiasm. The most popular event â€Å"World Cup† of cricket is also based on the pattern of one day cricket. Most of the important and popular championships in cricket are based on one day matches. The one- day international cricket is a late twentieth century development. On 5th January 1971, first ODI was played between Australia and England and till now it is very popular among the cricket fans. Cricket matches are played and liked by the people on national and international level (Birley, 2003). There are many types of cricket like country cricket, club cricket, indoor cricket, womens cricket and cricket for blinds, but the most prominent and popular three types of cricket which are recognized by ICC (International Cricket Council) are test cricket, one-day and newly originated form twenty20 cricket. The arrival of Twenty20 on the cri cketing scene has surely divided the cricketing fraternity. Some believe that it is nothing but a travesty and should not be encouraged at any cost. They argue that since Twenty20 encourages far-from-technical cricket youngsters wanting to pick up the game will be misguided into believing that cricket is all about trying to hit 6s and 4s no matter how you do it. Also it will create the misconception that cricket is a batsmans game and that there is very little incentive in bowling since it is the bowlers that are usually the ones at the receiving end. In such a scenario very few youngsters might take up bowling or bother learning the finer points of the craft. Plus there is always the argument that Twenty20 cricket will wean away interest from the traditional formats of the game, especially Test cricket. However, opinion regarding Twenty20 cricket still remains divided as its promoters insist that it will not replace any of the traditional formats but on the contrary will increase i nterest in them by pulling more people towards cricket as a whole. They also argue that the Twenty20 format is a great way of introducing cricket to the non-cricketing world which is used to fast games such as football. There is no doubt that the T20 version of the game has become the most popular and acceptable in the recent times but it cannot be said that other forms of the games have been overlooked. After the commencement of T20 cricket, many thought that the test cricket will be gradually extinguished from the cricket world. It is however wrong to say. All the legends of cricket still firmly believe that test cricket is the toughest and most resilient form of cricket which gets the best of any player. Test cricket judges mental ability and strength, the stamina and resilience factor and various other things of the player which twenty 20 cricket cannot judge. The game of Twenty20 sport involves two teams; each has a single innings, batting for a maximum of 20 overs. Twenty20 game is completed in about three hours, with each innings lasting around 75 minutes, thus bringing the game closer to the time span of other popular team sports such as football (Hopwood, 2005). It was introduced to create a lively form of the game which would be attractive to spectators at the ground and viewers on television. Since its inception the game has spread around the cricket world. The idea of a shortened format of the game at a professional level was discussed by the English and Wales Cricket Boardin 1998 and 2001. When theBenson and Hedges Cupended in 2002, theEnglish and Wales Cricket Board needed another one day competition to fill its place. The cricketing authorities were looking to boost the games image and popularity with the younger generation in response to dwindling crowds and reduced sponsorship. It was intended to deliver fast paced, exciting c ricket accessible to thousands of fans who were put off by the longer versions of the game (test cricket and one-day international cricket). Stuart Robertson, the marketing manager of the English and Wales Cricket Board, proposed a 20 over per innings game to county chairmen in 2001 and they voted 11-7 in favor of adopting the new format. More than 30 focus groups were mobilized. 4,000, 15-minute, face-to-face interviews were set up to gauge the public appetite for the game. The image of Cricket in England had always been that of a sport which is slow-paced, sedate and boring. The audiences identified the length of the matches to be very long, albeit Test Match Cricket (5 days) of One-Day Cricket (8 hours). Easton (1996) argues that the general perception and image in the minds of the public was that Cricket is a sort of sport which more often than not results in boring draws (Test Cricket). Even in one-day cricket (50 overs), the batsmen would score their runs at a pretty slow rate resulting in a dull spectacle for the crowds attending to watch matches at the various cricket grounds. Hopwood (2005) maintains that the England and Wales Cricket Board had initially introducedTwenty20 cricket as a way to get the crowds back in domestic cricket. The first Twenty20 Cup in 2003 (now known as the Friends Provident T20) was marketed with the sloganâ€Å"I dont like cricket, I love it†and it was aimed especially at the youth rather than the cricket connoisseur. It was meant to be a game that would bring the entire family together for an evening of fun and carnival like atmosphere. The finals of the 2003 Twenty20 Cup (in 2003) saw performances by pop stars and rock bands and the party like atmosphere made it an evening to remember. It was a huge success as the crowds were pleasantly taken by surprise. More than the cricket on field the idea was to have fun; cricket just provided the means. This was the ‘fast food of cricket and the people just loved every s ingle bite. Since then Twenty20 has slowly risen in popularity. The first official Twenty20 matches were played on 13 June 2003 between the English counties in theTwenty20 Cup (now known as the Friends Provident T20). The first season of Twenty20 in England was a relative success, with theSurrey Lionsdefeating theWarwickshire Bearsby 9 wickets in the final to claim theTwenty20 Cup 1.3 Problem Statement This study focuses on crickets problem of enduring a severe and long held image problem which is proving difficult for the game to turn around and which is without doubt affecting the potential of cricket to draw vital media and monetary support. Critics have been leveled against introduction of twenty20 cricket. Public Relations activities being critical to the future of the game have not been implemented to the level that it should be or many in the game would like it to be. Many have argued that since Twenty20 encourages far-from-technical cricket, youngsters wanting to pick up the game will be misguided into believing that cricket is all about trying to hit 6s and 4s no matter how you do it. Besides, test cricket which is considered the ‘pinnacle of the game may soon suffer the absence of quality international players as cricketers such as Andrew Flintoff of England have retired from Test Cricket to accommodate themselves in Twenty20 Cricket amongst other international cric keters such as Paul Collingwood and Kevin Pietersen skipping the Domestic County Cricket season in the United Kingdom to play for the cash lucrative Indian Premier League. The implications of such incidents may only result in English Domestic Cricket losing out on valuable players and as a result failing to attract audiences and generating revenues for the English Domestic game. English and Wales Cricket Board has played a critical role in the introduction of twenty 20 cricket to the world but there has always been a lingering feeling that the English International cricket team has been inconsistent in their performances at the one-day international level (50 over cricket). Some experts in the game have linked the inconsistency of the international side to the structural problems in county cricket. Other people argue that twenty 20 cricket will create the misconception that cricket is a batsmans game and that there is very little incentive in bowling since it is the bowlers that are usually the ones at the receiving end. In twenty 20 cricket, at most times the pitches prepared are tailor made for batsmen to go for their strokes and put up big totals on the board. In such a scenario very few youngsters might take up bowling or bother learning the finer points of the craft. The sport of twenty 20 cricket faces another problem of lack of five test match series except for the Ashes. What could be better suited to sustain the interest of the cricket fan than have England tour India or vice-versa for a five test match series. Instead, we have two-Test series arranged at the last minute by the English and Wales Cricket Board. Nobody can anticipate or attend; nobody is satisfied except perhaps the broadcasters whose contracts are fulfilled. There is need for English and Wales Cricket Board to understand that there is no requirement for saturation and committing overkill by scheduling cricket all year around. Instead, just stage and promote the icon series properly, a nd Test crickets unique qualities will take care of the rest. 1.4 Research Questions This research responds to the problems associated with this study by attempting to evaluate the influence of twenty 20 cricket in accordance with the perception of different stakeholders. Hence the research questions that this studied tried to answer is listed as indicated below: What is the impact of Twenty20 cricket on the image of English Cricket Board To what extent has public relations and social media activities have an impact on the domestic (county) first class Twenty20 Cricket Which is the most preferable type of cricket sport between Test cricket, One Day Internationals or Twenty20 Have public relation activities been put in practice by the English and Wales Cricket Board in promoting the Twenty20 game to the audiences What measures have the English and Wales Cricket Board put in place for all the three formats i.e. Test, One Day Internationals and T20 Cricket to survive and co-exist at the international level. 1.5 Research Aim and Objectives In order to obtain the goal of the study, the main aim of the study as well as specific objectives in relation to the impact of twenty 20 cricket on international cricket were formulated with research problems and research questions in mind. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of twenty 20 cricket on international cricket. To be able o obtain the mentioned main objective of the study, five specific research objects were formulated. The specific research objectives are stated as indicated below: To determine the impact of Twenty20 cricket on the image of English Cricket Board To find out whether public relations and social media activities have an impact on the domestic (county) first class Twenty20 Cricket To establish the most preferable type of cricket sport between Test cricket, One Day Internationals or Twenty20 To investigate whether public relation activities have been put in practice by the English and Wales Cricket Board in promoting the Twenty20 game to the audiences To find out the measures that the English and Wales Cricket Board have put in place for all the three formats i.e. Test, One Day Internationals and T20 Cricket to survive and co-exist at the international level. 1.6 Significance of the study Sport industry contribute quite considerably to the development of different nations across the globe; hence this study is going to play a very important role in demystifying the implication of the introduction of twenty 20 cricket in the world of sport. Such information can be used by different stakeholder such as nations, industry players, players, spectators and the general public as well as students. Industry managers can use this study to gauge the implication of twenty 20 cricket and the impact it has on the world of sport. This is quite critical because it can be used by different stakeholders to make appropriate strategies that will be for their good and the good of the public. Perception of different stakeholders especially spectators of twenty 20 cricket will be very significant in making decisions in relation with the twenty 20 cricket sport. This research will also contribute to the pool of knowledge where students will be able to gain necessary knowledge to help them not only be informed but to also acquire relevant information necessary for the completion of their studies. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 The Business of Sportianment Standard Bank of South Africa is a financial services provider, which is a subcomponent of the Standard Bank Group. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), since 1997, the bank began providing sponsorship to cricket in South Africa. This initiative rejuvenated the back the playing of cricket at local level. The game had dwindling spectator s watching the matches. This was also coupled with declining interest. The Bank alongside the Cricket South Africa came up with the model of the 20-A-sidec cricket. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), this was in the Year 2004. This involved lessening the one-day game of cricket. The concept of the 20-over was meant to last for only three hours. This had reduced number of overs. This made the game more interesting, faster than before and furious. This new version of the game of cricket was later to be named the Standard Bank Pro20 series. The objective of the Bank venturing in Pro20 cricket was to build on their existing high levels of association with cricket in South Africa and demonstrate to their chosen audience (Randall, 2004). According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), this was in order to show their brand was among those, which was ahead and was able to undergo changes to a better brand. The move by the Bank to place the brand closer to the youth that is through sponsoring the local sport of the cricket game in South Africa. Since the Bank had grassroots involvement with the local play of the sport of the cricket, they also wanted to collaborate with Cricket South Africa so that to repackage the local experience of the game (Suite 101, n.d.). According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), this is so that to bring vibrancy in the game making it more vibrant and lively. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), the company opted for internal marketing campaigns as well as sports hospitality; through this, it viewed the strategy of additional opportunity to interact one on one with interested parties of the game on how it is play. The drive for having a new version or revised version of the ga me was because it meant to bring a renewed feeling among the traditional perception of the game. This is not for the sake of those who play the games alone but also for those who the sport as a way of entertainment. Off the pitch activities were brought as a form extra play and entertainment. This meant to act as an additional treat for excitement viewers were getting on the field. The composite of what resulted made the game more exciting and unique. The best phrase used to recognize the resultant product of this was sportainment. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), this was a composite of both sports and entertainment. The phrase developed meant to give priority to the essence of Standard Bank Pro20 cricket. According to standard Bank Pro 20 cricket (n.d.) the game took the design that features three pillar experiences. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), these are mainly cricket, stadium and broadcast. The nexus between the three pillars gave the stakeholders the integrated treat of sportainment. The innovation into the sport of cricket thought out and imported courtesy of the collaborated effort of Standard Bank South Africa jointly with Cricket South Africa (Cricket Web, 2010). The effort involved the bringing in of new dugouts for players at the ides of the field. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), this meant to enhance game watching by the audience seated on the bench with clarity. The game increased he speed at which the players played the game (BBC, 2006). This saw the facilitation of faster changes in the batsmen. The new type of the dropped some of the old team t actics and umpire kit designs; this meant to improve the appeal while watching the game. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), they took the measure to move the umpires into the field carried by vehicles that bore the name of the brands on the side. There was notable change on the play of the game. This was especially on the batting style. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), there was the introduction of a free hit for a no ball. In the stadium there, standard Bank tailored the Hard Hats for fans. There was distribution to fans of headgear for protection against the significant number of fours and sixes expected in the new boundary-bashing version. There was improvement done that came with additional cameras for broadcast purpose. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), these are non-fixed and could be moveable that is from one place to another. When there are international matches in the Pro20 cricket series, more pomp and color were in addition to the stadium. Professional dancers would be ushered into the podium. A DJ booth will come in handy, which are in position placed at an elevated level. The common horizontal digital boards for advertising were removable and in their place put enhanced ones. These new ones have more features. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), these are wider vertical Power Towers. They used to communicate messages. In addition, they have images that parallel the action that is taking place in the field. When SuperSport came on board, this came with untested initiatives to support. These provided with the cricket and stadium an experience. The experience is for live ball-by-ball viewers. The commentators trans-located: newly to the grandstands, as it was not like before. Previously, these were host at the media suite as well as the commentary boxes. In this new position, they are able to interact with spectators. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), this is especially at the b reaks of the games. The new facelift accompanied with providing the fielding captain with an earpiece together with a lapel microphone. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), the commentators capacitated so that they can link directly link in perception and mind with the players. This is at opportunity moments of the game. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), live interviews conducted with the outgoing batsmen after each wicket. Heart-rate monitors attached to some of players on the field. This meant to provide those watching via television broadcast with additional action from the field (Hubbard and Thomas, 2007). 2.2 The Business Side of Cricket According to Easton (1996) the communication to influence peoples ideas, theories as well as feelings used through analogies. This is a common practice in the field of business. A clear analogy occurs between the battlefield of sports and business occurrences. In order to win a game of cricket ones needs a well thought out strategy (Savicca, 2011). This is a similar case as in the business fraternity. There is need to think about how the situation will be in the field. This is like an objective visioning the business venture that is, accompanied with an analysis of the strengths as well as weaknesses. There is a lookout for threats as well as opportunities lingering around the business. The cricket strategy for having the vision is to develop a new product. According to Easton (1996), this has bases on a crop of new players. There is need to prepare for strong wickets which will assure the goes back home after a game with the victory. This is like a market strategy. This is where cha nces for success are vital. Like a business scenario there is need to know what kind of product one is offering to the market. This followed by a winning formula, which is the marketing mix. According to Easton (1996), the same applies to the game of cricket. There is need to know the kind of players one has and how to formulate a workable strategy to win based on their skills. In describing what kind of product that is needed in the sport of cricket; there is need to screen the kind of players one has at his disposal. According to Easton (1996), just like determining the price of the product; the analogy in the game of cricket is the level which to depend on players that you field during the playing of the game, that is, what role best fit each player when on the field of cricket. This resembles how to distribute resources in the case of a business set up. The thought one has to have is about the strength that will promote the possibility for a victory, that is, how one ensures that, the other team has been defeated. According to Easton (1996), this thought out done even before the game begins. Just like the way one thinks out how the marketing mix is going to be done; one has to formulate a strategy that enables to understand the game w hen playing at home as well as when playing at the opponents home turfs. As it happens elsewhere, one has to keep watch on the ongoing in the marketing front. One has to compare business performance with the occurrences in the market sales and profit as well as the market share. According to Easton (1996), in the case of the game of cricket one has to compare their performance within the league and find out how to improve play. That is at the team level. At member level, one can assess their capacity in the bowling and batting. The opportune to sell in business is just as important as the way it may be in a game of cricket. Any skipper who has had to sell to a seasoned opening batsman that he should bat further down the order will need the very best selling skills. A skipper ought to know how the team would move in to their victory. These are the success factors of the game. According to Easton (1996), skipper must ensure that the score is at five an over or endeavor to make sure th e opposing teams best batsman remains always off the strike throughout the game. The rest of other team members should have already known the game plan that the skipper has in mind. This enables the team to launch their tactics without any ado. Because the opponent has opinion that is always to be on toes to know the tactics on application by the opponent by reviewing what has done throughout the past games played, then the team has to deliver a good product. These make the defeats inevitable. According to Easton (1996), in order to make good out of a game through a win then these success has been register through understanding how to cohere as a team. There is need to understand capabilities of each member in the team so that to get the best out of them. These same applies to a business deal there is need to know the capacities of different dealers in the chain to make good out of them. According to Easton (1996), it is true that the business is for the people by the people. Thus, those participating in a transaction are the ones who make up the business. Leadership in a game of cricket is held to create an authority that will drive the team to a common purpose. The common for the team during a game is to win. The team just like a business will for the human communities that have brought together for a common purpose. That is why some underdogs have surprised the big names of the game. According to Easton (1996), understanding the team members, how they react, their skill levels and how best to utilize them, and aligning them to achieve a common goal is vital to the leaders success. During the headingly test, Mike Brearly the skipper demonstrated this brilliantly. According to Easton (1996), in the game of cricket just as in the business front there is need to understand each such that role are set out clearly for every player. This can be on bases of what one is best base on what to do. It should also matter on placing people based on how they consider themselves during a win or loss. According to Easton (1996), this can be likened t o LIFO terms; this is in the way they to assess he behavior when the going is well and how their behavior when they are under pressure. The team may design in a way these factors well taken care of. According to Easton (1996), for instance, who comes in handy to be supporting the captain? Who is suited to do the try as well as serve as the captain of the side? Who will give their place up as a substitute in the batting in order to save the team from a loss? There exit several types of mixes and types that make up the world of cultures in business. These could include the power, people, task as well as role. Just like in business the game of cricket, this is the same (Fischer, n.d.). 2.3 Actuating a Sport as a Business According to Goldman and Johns (2009), any game at the level of business of sport must show how it is economically significant at all the levels of the society. This makes it an important component both as an economic activity as well as wealth creation. Market research has shown those willing to invest in sports sponsorship; this has risen since 2003 by a twenty-nine percent proportion, which best estimated to be US$2.4 billion. This makes part of a proportion of the larger global sponsorship industry. This best estimated to be about US$28 billion in 2004. In the case of South Africa, the amount of money put into the sport as a direct expenditure in terms of sports sponsorship has increased. In 1991, the amount spent in terms of sponsorship was R 207 million but this rose such that in 2000 the amount was R 1billion. Recent case studies show that the amount spent in the sport has risen to 2.6 billion Rand. These studies have further shown that another R 2.2 Billion has spent on lever aging sponsorship. A case in point to identify with is the 1984 when the Los Angeles hosted the Olympics. The Olympics significantly boosted sports marketing. According to Goldman and Johns (2009), this event turned athletics into a sponsored business. This became the first to be operational on revenues generated by private sponsor revenues. The other Olympics operated on a bid to generate profit. In addition to the competition that is experience on the field, sports teams also compete for favor from spectators, media coverage, brand sponsors, product consumers as well as bidding investors. From this perspective, this is making sporting action become a business entity. This is with professional management. Those in management will rather perceive those in their sport team as a brand and are important to sell in the sport club. Thus, the sports icons are rather making sure every sports event is a value addition. This makes them important in the public eye. According to Goldman and Johns (2009), these makes them become valuable and can attract and influence the perception and attitude of other stakeholders the game. Sports Clubs like Manchester United, Real Madrid as well as the New York Yankees have set pace in showing the value of product branding in games is all about? This act makes the sports seem rather to act independently when displayed. The venture is such that the bran d can sell independently of the athlete success. Take for instance the case of Real Madrid. In the football season of 2003/2004, they made up to â‚ ¬64.3 million in the form of merchandising sales. Out of the revenue generated, the brand sold 1.5 million shirts mostly to other countries. The clubs at the helm of football action, mainly based in Europe collectively grew by a margin of 11%, which is equivalent to â‚ ¬ 3.7 billion in 2006/2007. During this time Real Madrid was rated as the first club to make up revenue of â‚ ¬360 million. Research has classified the art of sports marketing in to two versions. According to Goldman and Johns (2009), there is marketing of sports as well as marketing with sports. The marketing of sports involves marketing strategies of sports events as well as sports kits to a target audience of the players, athletes as w Influence of Twnety20 Cricket on Cricket Stakeholders Influence of Twnety20 Cricket on Cricket Stakeholders CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction This research on the impact of twenty20 cricket on international cricket attempts to explore the perception of both primary and secondary stakeholders of the game in the international arena. Twenty20 cricket is one of the richest industries, which is valued at around a billion dollar across the globe. Twenty20 cricket is one of the worlds sports with many enthusiastic participants, spectators as well as media interest. Twenty20 Cricket has sparked new life and provided redemption to cricket all over the globe. The Twenty20 version of the game has been a major factor in attempting to further globalize, commercialize and popularize the game. Cricket is one the most popular and well-liked game in the world. Cricket is an established team sport for hundreds of years and very popular in countries such as India, Pakistan, West Indies, South Africa and England. Like other sporting activities, twenty20 cricket is a professional sport that is sought after by both men and women due to its nume rous beneficial attributes. This popular and beneficial activity not only provides you physical fitness but mental strength and sharpness too. A sport helps a person in building a very positive attitude. It has also become a part of education and routines of people. The main of the research is to determine the impact of twenty20 cricket sport on international cricket. This chapter tends to outline background of the study and problem statement. In addition, it discusses the research questions, research objectives and the significance of the study apart from presenting the research outline. 1.2 Study Background The origin of Cricket sport can be traced from the period of the dark ages, probably after the Roman Empire, almost definitely prior to the Normans invading England and almost certainly somewhere in Northern Europe. Circumstantial evidences suggest the fact that this game was started in Saxon or Norman times by children living in south east part of England in an area of dense woodlands known as Weald. It is generally believed that cricket was more of a children game rather than the adults. It was taken up by the adults in 17th century and since then, this sport continued to increase its popularity and public acceptance and never looked back. As far as the name of term â€Å"cricket â€Å"is concerned it is generally believed that this word had various possible sources. The earliest source is traced back to 1598 when it was called as cricket. It is thought to be derived from Middle Dutch term â€Å"krick â€Å"meaning a stick. There are another terms also available which all sugge st the possible involvement of Dutch in this sport. The game of Cricket is known to be spanning from the 16th century with matches being played since 1844, although officially ‘International Test Cricket was played from the year 1877 onwards. Test cricket is the oldest and longest form of cricket. It is also considered as the most reliable and challenging form of cricket to measure the worth of any team where 2 innings are played by each team. After the toss the team that bats first piles on as many runs as possible and declares the innings. Then comes the turn of other team and so the match goes on until the final result. The popularity and charm of test cricket is decreasing day by day because of the origination of new more exciting forms of cricket. Hopwood (2005) argues that the game of Cricket has been governed by the rules for more than 250 years. The Marylebone Cricket Club has been an authoritative figure in putting forth the rules of cricket and its subsequent amendme nts. In the year 2000, the MCC revised the rules of Cricket and introduced Spirit of Cricket to the laws of the game to maintain the unique character and enjoyment of the game. One day cricket is the most recognizable and viewed form of cricket in the world. It is being played and watched by the people with great enthusiasm. The most popular event â€Å"World Cup† of cricket is also based on the pattern of one day cricket. Most of the important and popular championships in cricket are based on one day matches. The one- day international cricket is a late twentieth century development. On 5th January 1971, first ODI was played between Australia and England and till now it is very popular among the cricket fans. Cricket matches are played and liked by the people on national and international level (Birley, 2003). There are many types of cricket like country cricket, club cricket, indoor cricket, womens cricket and cricket for blinds, but the most prominent and popular three types of cricket which are recognized by ICC (International Cricket Council) are test cricket, one-day and newly originated form twenty20 cricket. The arrival of Twenty20 on the cri cketing scene has surely divided the cricketing fraternity. Some believe that it is nothing but a travesty and should not be encouraged at any cost. They argue that since Twenty20 encourages far-from-technical cricket youngsters wanting to pick up the game will be misguided into believing that cricket is all about trying to hit 6s and 4s no matter how you do it. Also it will create the misconception that cricket is a batsmans game and that there is very little incentive in bowling since it is the bowlers that are usually the ones at the receiving end. In such a scenario very few youngsters might take up bowling or bother learning the finer points of the craft. Plus there is always the argument that Twenty20 cricket will wean away interest from the traditional formats of the game, especially Test cricket. However, opinion regarding Twenty20 cricket still remains divided as its promoters insist that it will not replace any of the traditional formats but on the contrary will increase i nterest in them by pulling more people towards cricket as a whole. They also argue that the Twenty20 format is a great way of introducing cricket to the non-cricketing world which is used to fast games such as football. There is no doubt that the T20 version of the game has become the most popular and acceptable in the recent times but it cannot be said that other forms of the games have been overlooked. After the commencement of T20 cricket, many thought that the test cricket will be gradually extinguished from the cricket world. It is however wrong to say. All the legends of cricket still firmly believe that test cricket is the toughest and most resilient form of cricket which gets the best of any player. Test cricket judges mental ability and strength, the stamina and resilience factor and various other things of the player which twenty 20 cricket cannot judge. The game of Twenty20 sport involves two teams; each has a single innings, batting for a maximum of 20 overs. Twenty20 game is completed in about three hours, with each innings lasting around 75 minutes, thus bringing the game closer to the time span of other popular team sports such as football (Hopwood, 2005). It was introduced to create a lively form of the game which would be attractive to spectators at the ground and viewers on television. Since its inception the game has spread around the cricket world. The idea of a shortened format of the game at a professional level was discussed by the English and Wales Cricket Boardin 1998 and 2001. When theBenson and Hedges Cupended in 2002, theEnglish and Wales Cricket Board needed another one day competition to fill its place. The cricketing authorities were looking to boost the games image and popularity with the younger generation in response to dwindling crowds and reduced sponsorship. It was intended to deliver fast paced, exciting c ricket accessible to thousands of fans who were put off by the longer versions of the game (test cricket and one-day international cricket). Stuart Robertson, the marketing manager of the English and Wales Cricket Board, proposed a 20 over per innings game to county chairmen in 2001 and they voted 11-7 in favor of adopting the new format. More than 30 focus groups were mobilized. 4,000, 15-minute, face-to-face interviews were set up to gauge the public appetite for the game. The image of Cricket in England had always been that of a sport which is slow-paced, sedate and boring. The audiences identified the length of the matches to be very long, albeit Test Match Cricket (5 days) of One-Day Cricket (8 hours). Easton (1996) argues that the general perception and image in the minds of the public was that Cricket is a sort of sport which more often than not results in boring draws (Test Cricket). Even in one-day cricket (50 overs), the batsmen would score their runs at a pretty slow rate resulting in a dull spectacle for the crowds attending to watch matches at the various cricket grounds. Hopwood (2005) maintains that the England and Wales Cricket Board had initially introducedTwenty20 cricket as a way to get the crowds back in domestic cricket. The first Twenty20 Cup in 2003 (now known as the Friends Provident T20) was marketed with the sloganâ€Å"I dont like cricket, I love it†and it was aimed especially at the youth rather than the cricket connoisseur. It was meant to be a game that would bring the entire family together for an evening of fun and carnival like atmosphere. The finals of the 2003 Twenty20 Cup (in 2003) saw performances by pop stars and rock bands and the party like atmosphere made it an evening to remember. It was a huge success as the crowds were pleasantly taken by surprise. More than the cricket on field the idea was to have fun; cricket just provided the means. This was the ‘fast food of cricket and the people just loved every s ingle bite. Since then Twenty20 has slowly risen in popularity. The first official Twenty20 matches were played on 13 June 2003 between the English counties in theTwenty20 Cup (now known as the Friends Provident T20). The first season of Twenty20 in England was a relative success, with theSurrey Lionsdefeating theWarwickshire Bearsby 9 wickets in the final to claim theTwenty20 Cup 1.3 Problem Statement This study focuses on crickets problem of enduring a severe and long held image problem which is proving difficult for the game to turn around and which is without doubt affecting the potential of cricket to draw vital media and monetary support. Critics have been leveled against introduction of twenty20 cricket. Public Relations activities being critical to the future of the game have not been implemented to the level that it should be or many in the game would like it to be. Many have argued that since Twenty20 encourages far-from-technical cricket, youngsters wanting to pick up the game will be misguided into believing that cricket is all about trying to hit 6s and 4s no matter how you do it. Besides, test cricket which is considered the ‘pinnacle of the game may soon suffer the absence of quality international players as cricketers such as Andrew Flintoff of England have retired from Test Cricket to accommodate themselves in Twenty20 Cricket amongst other international cric keters such as Paul Collingwood and Kevin Pietersen skipping the Domestic County Cricket season in the United Kingdom to play for the cash lucrative Indian Premier League. The implications of such incidents may only result in English Domestic Cricket losing out on valuable players and as a result failing to attract audiences and generating revenues for the English Domestic game. English and Wales Cricket Board has played a critical role in the introduction of twenty 20 cricket to the world but there has always been a lingering feeling that the English International cricket team has been inconsistent in their performances at the one-day international level (50 over cricket). Some experts in the game have linked the inconsistency of the international side to the structural problems in county cricket. Other people argue that twenty 20 cricket will create the misconception that cricket is a batsmans game and that there is very little incentive in bowling since it is the bowlers that are usually the ones at the receiving end. In twenty 20 cricket, at most times the pitches prepared are tailor made for batsmen to go for their strokes and put up big totals on the board. In such a scenario very few youngsters might take up bowling or bother learning the finer points of the craft. The sport of twenty 20 cricket faces another problem of lack of five test match series except for the Ashes. What could be better suited to sustain the interest of the cricket fan than have England tour India or vice-versa for a five test match series. Instead, we have two-Test series arranged at the last minute by the English and Wales Cricket Board. Nobody can anticipate or attend; nobody is satisfied except perhaps the broadcasters whose contracts are fulfilled. There is need for English and Wales Cricket Board to understand that there is no requirement for saturation and committing overkill by scheduling cricket all year around. Instead, just stage and promote the icon series properly, a nd Test crickets unique qualities will take care of the rest. 1.4 Research Questions This research responds to the problems associated with this study by attempting to evaluate the influence of twenty 20 cricket in accordance with the perception of different stakeholders. Hence the research questions that this studied tried to answer is listed as indicated below: What is the impact of Twenty20 cricket on the image of English Cricket Board To what extent has public relations and social media activities have an impact on the domestic (county) first class Twenty20 Cricket Which is the most preferable type of cricket sport between Test cricket, One Day Internationals or Twenty20 Have public relation activities been put in practice by the English and Wales Cricket Board in promoting the Twenty20 game to the audiences What measures have the English and Wales Cricket Board put in place for all the three formats i.e. Test, One Day Internationals and T20 Cricket to survive and co-exist at the international level. 1.5 Research Aim and Objectives In order to obtain the goal of the study, the main aim of the study as well as specific objectives in relation to the impact of twenty 20 cricket on international cricket were formulated with research problems and research questions in mind. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of twenty 20 cricket on international cricket. To be able o obtain the mentioned main objective of the study, five specific research objects were formulated. The specific research objectives are stated as indicated below: To determine the impact of Twenty20 cricket on the image of English Cricket Board To find out whether public relations and social media activities have an impact on the domestic (county) first class Twenty20 Cricket To establish the most preferable type of cricket sport between Test cricket, One Day Internationals or Twenty20 To investigate whether public relation activities have been put in practice by the English and Wales Cricket Board in promoting the Twenty20 game to the audiences To find out the measures that the English and Wales Cricket Board have put in place for all the three formats i.e. Test, One Day Internationals and T20 Cricket to survive and co-exist at the international level. 1.6 Significance of the study Sport industry contribute quite considerably to the development of different nations across the globe; hence this study is going to play a very important role in demystifying the implication of the introduction of twenty 20 cricket in the world of sport. Such information can be used by different stakeholder such as nations, industry players, players, spectators and the general public as well as students. Industry managers can use this study to gauge the implication of twenty 20 cricket and the impact it has on the world of sport. This is quite critical because it can be used by different stakeholders to make appropriate strategies that will be for their good and the good of the public. Perception of different stakeholders especially spectators of twenty 20 cricket will be very significant in making decisions in relation with the twenty 20 cricket sport. This research will also contribute to the pool of knowledge where students will be able to gain necessary knowledge to help them not only be informed but to also acquire relevant information necessary for the completion of their studies. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 The Business of Sportianment Standard Bank of South Africa is a financial services provider, which is a subcomponent of the Standard Bank Group. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), since 1997, the bank began providing sponsorship to cricket in South Africa. This initiative rejuvenated the back the playing of cricket at local level. The game had dwindling spectator s watching the matches. This was also coupled with declining interest. The Bank alongside the Cricket South Africa came up with the model of the 20-A-sidec cricket. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), this was in the Year 2004. This involved lessening the one-day game of cricket. The concept of the 20-over was meant to last for only three hours. This had reduced number of overs. This made the game more interesting, faster than before and furious. This new version of the game of cricket was later to be named the Standard Bank Pro20 series. The objective of the Bank venturing in Pro20 cricket was to build on their existing high levels of association with cricket in South Africa and demonstrate to their chosen audience (Randall, 2004). According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), this was in order to show their brand was among those, which was ahead and was able to undergo changes to a better brand. The move by the Bank to place the brand closer to the youth that is through sponsoring the local sport of the cricket game in South Africa. Since the Bank had grassroots involvement with the local play of the sport of the cricket, they also wanted to collaborate with Cricket South Africa so that to repackage the local experience of the game (Suite 101, n.d.). According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), this is so that to bring vibrancy in the game making it more vibrant and lively. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), the company opted for internal marketing campaigns as well as sports hospitality; through this, it viewed the strategy of additional opportunity to interact one on one with interested parties of the game on how it is play. The drive for having a new version or revised version of the ga me was because it meant to bring a renewed feeling among the traditional perception of the game. This is not for the sake of those who play the games alone but also for those who the sport as a way of entertainment. Off the pitch activities were brought as a form extra play and entertainment. This meant to act as an additional treat for excitement viewers were getting on the field. The composite of what resulted made the game more exciting and unique. The best phrase used to recognize the resultant product of this was sportainment. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), this was a composite of both sports and entertainment. The phrase developed meant to give priority to the essence of Standard Bank Pro20 cricket. According to standard Bank Pro 20 cricket (n.d.) the game took the design that features three pillar experiences. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), these are mainly cricket, stadium and broadcast. The nexus between the three pillars gave the stakeholders the integrated treat of sportainment. The innovation into the sport of cricket thought out and imported courtesy of the collaborated effort of Standard Bank South Africa jointly with Cricket South Africa (Cricket Web, 2010). The effort involved the bringing in of new dugouts for players at the ides of the field. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), this meant to enhance game watching by the audience seated on the bench with clarity. The game increased he speed at which the players played the game (BBC, 2006). This saw the facilitation of faster changes in the batsmen. The new type of the dropped some of the old team t actics and umpire kit designs; this meant to improve the appeal while watching the game. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), they took the measure to move the umpires into the field carried by vehicles that bore the name of the brands on the side. There was notable change on the play of the game. This was especially on the batting style. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), there was the introduction of a free hit for a no ball. In the stadium there, standard Bank tailored the Hard Hats for fans. There was distribution to fans of headgear for protection against the significant number of fours and sixes expected in the new boundary-bashing version. There was improvement done that came with additional cameras for broadcast purpose. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), these are non-fixed and could be moveable that is from one place to another. When there are international matches in the Pro20 cricket series, more pomp and color were in addition to the stadium. Professional dancers would be ushered into the podium. A DJ booth will come in handy, which are in position placed at an elevated level. The common horizontal digital boards for advertising were removable and in their place put enhanced ones. These new ones have more features. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), these are wider vertical Power Towers. They used to communicate messages. In addition, they have images that parallel the action that is taking place in the field. When SuperSport came on board, this came with untested initiatives to support. These provided with the cricket and stadium an experience. The experience is for live ball-by-ball viewers. The commentators trans-located: newly to the grandstands, as it was not like before. Previously, these were host at the media suite as well as the commentary boxes. In this new position, they are able to interact with spectators. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), this is especially at the b reaks of the games. The new facelift accompanied with providing the fielding captain with an earpiece together with a lapel microphone. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), the commentators capacitated so that they can link directly link in perception and mind with the players. This is at opportunity moments of the game. According to Standard Bank Pro20 Cricket (n.d.), live interviews conducted with the outgoing batsmen after each wicket. Heart-rate monitors attached to some of players on the field. This meant to provide those watching via television broadcast with additional action from the field (Hubbard and Thomas, 2007). 2.2 The Business Side of Cricket According to Easton (1996) the communication to influence peoples ideas, theories as well as feelings used through analogies. This is a common practice in the field of business. A clear analogy occurs between the battlefield of sports and business occurrences. In order to win a game of cricket ones needs a well thought out strategy (Savicca, 2011). This is a similar case as in the business fraternity. There is need to think about how the situation will be in the field. This is like an objective visioning the business venture that is, accompanied with an analysis of the strengths as well as weaknesses. There is a lookout for threats as well as opportunities lingering around the business. The cricket strategy for having the vision is to develop a new product. According to Easton (1996), this has bases on a crop of new players. There is need to prepare for strong wickets which will assure the goes back home after a game with the victory. This is like a market strategy. This is where cha nces for success are vital. Like a business scenario there is need to know what kind of product one is offering to the market. This followed by a winning formula, which is the marketing mix. According to Easton (1996), the same applies to the game of cricket. There is need to know the kind of players one has and how to formulate a workable strategy to win based on their skills. In describing what kind of product that is needed in the sport of cricket; there is need to screen the kind of players one has at his disposal. According to Easton (1996), just like determining the price of the product; the analogy in the game of cricket is the level which to depend on players that you field during the playing of the game, that is, what role best fit each player when on the field of cricket. This resembles how to distribute resources in the case of a business set up. The thought one has to have is about the strength that will promote the possibility for a victory, that is, how one ensures that, the other team has been defeated. According to Easton (1996), this thought out done even before the game begins. Just like the way one thinks out how the marketing mix is going to be done; one has to formulate a strategy that enables to understand the game w hen playing at home as well as when playing at the opponents home turfs. As it happens elsewhere, one has to keep watch on the ongoing in the marketing front. One has to compare business performance with the occurrences in the market sales and profit as well as the market share. According to Easton (1996), in the case of the game of cricket one has to compare their performance within the league and find out how to improve play. That is at the team level. At member level, one can assess their capacity in the bowling and batting. The opportune to sell in business is just as important as the way it may be in a game of cricket. Any skipper who has had to sell to a seasoned opening batsman that he should bat further down the order will need the very best selling skills. A skipper ought to know how the team would move in to their victory. These are the success factors of the game. According to Easton (1996), skipper must ensure that the score is at five an over or endeavor to make sure th e opposing teams best batsman remains always off the strike throughout the game. The rest of other team members should have already known the game plan that the skipper has in mind. This enables the team to launch their tactics without any ado. Because the opponent has opinion that is always to be on toes to know the tactics on application by the opponent by reviewing what has done throughout the past games played, then the team has to deliver a good product. These make the defeats inevitable. According to Easton (1996), in order to make good out of a game through a win then these success has been register through understanding how to cohere as a team. There is need to understand capabilities of each member in the team so that to get the best out of them. These same applies to a business deal there is need to know the capacities of different dealers in the chain to make good out of them. According to Easton (1996), it is true that the business is for the people by the people. Thus, those participating in a transaction are the ones who make up the business. Leadership in a game of cricket is held to create an authority that will drive the team to a common purpose. The common for the team during a game is to win. The team just like a business will for the human communities that have brought together for a common purpose. That is why some underdogs have surprised the big names of the game. According to Easton (1996), understanding the team members, how they react, their skill levels and how best to utilize them, and aligning them to achieve a common goal is vital to the leaders success. During the headingly test, Mike Brearly the skipper demonstrated this brilliantly. According to Easton (1996), in the game of cricket just as in the business front there is need to understand each such that role are set out clearly for every player. This can be on bases of what one is best base on what to do. It should also matter on placing people based on how they consider themselves during a win or loss. According to Easton (1996), this can be likened t o LIFO terms; this is in the way they to assess he behavior when the going is well and how their behavior when they are under pressure. The team may design in a way these factors well taken care of. According to Easton (1996), for instance, who comes in handy to be supporting the captain? Who is suited to do the try as well as serve as the captain of the side? Who will give their place up as a substitute in the batting in order to save the team from a loss? There exit several types of mixes and types that make up the world of cultures in business. These could include the power, people, task as well as role. Just like in business the game of cricket, this is the same (Fischer, n.d.). 2.3 Actuating a Sport as a Business According to Goldman and Johns (2009), any game at the level of business of sport must show how it is economically significant at all the levels of the society. This makes it an important component both as an economic activity as well as wealth creation. Market research has shown those willing to invest in sports sponsorship; this has risen since 2003 by a twenty-nine percent proportion, which best estimated to be US$2.4 billion. This makes part of a proportion of the larger global sponsorship industry. This best estimated to be about US$28 billion in 2004. In the case of South Africa, the amount of money put into the sport as a direct expenditure in terms of sports sponsorship has increased. In 1991, the amount spent in terms of sponsorship was R 207 million but this rose such that in 2000 the amount was R 1billion. Recent case studies show that the amount spent in the sport has risen to 2.6 billion Rand. These studies have further shown that another R 2.2 Billion has spent on lever aging sponsorship. A case in point to identify with is the 1984 when the Los Angeles hosted the Olympics. The Olympics significantly boosted sports marketing. According to Goldman and Johns (2009), this event turned athletics into a sponsored business. This became the first to be operational on revenues generated by private sponsor revenues. The other Olympics operated on a bid to generate profit. In addition to the competition that is experience on the field, sports teams also compete for favor from spectators, media coverage, brand sponsors, product consumers as well as bidding investors. From this perspective, this is making sporting action become a business entity. This is with professional management. Those in management will rather perceive those in their sport team as a brand and are important to sell in the sport club. Thus, the sports icons are rather making sure every sports event is a value addition. This makes them important in the public eye. According to Goldman and Johns (2009), these makes them become valuable and can attract and influence the perception and attitude of other stakeholders the game. Sports Clubs like Manchester United, Real Madrid as well as the New York Yankees have set pace in showing the value of product branding in games is all about? This act makes the sports seem rather to act independently when displayed. The venture is such that the bran d can sell independently of the athlete success. Take for instance the case of Real Madrid. In the football season of 2003/2004, they made up to â‚ ¬64.3 million in the form of merchandising sales. Out of the revenue generated, the brand sold 1.5 million shirts mostly to other countries. The clubs at the helm of football action, mainly based in Europe collectively grew by a margin of 11%, which is equivalent to â‚ ¬ 3.7 billion in 2006/2007. During this time Real Madrid was rated as the first club to make up revenue of â‚ ¬360 million. Research has classified the art of sports marketing in to two versions. According to Goldman and Johns (2009), there is marketing of sports as well as marketing with sports. The marketing of sports involves marketing strategies of sports events as well as sports kits to a target audience of the players, athletes as w